新技术、气候变化和乌克兰战争:对北美防空司令部现代化有何影响?Camille Raymond 俄罗斯入侵乌克兰使北美防空司令部 (NORAD) 的重要现代化重新提上加拿大政府的议程。为了应对战争,国防部长 Anita Anand 保证,虽然她目前无法提供北美防空司令部现代化的计划,但国防部正在积极努力在短期内开发一套新技术。加拿大终于倾向于优先考虑国土防御,而 2017 年国防政策中并未提及这一章节。有两个主要驱动因素必须指导加拿大的北美防空司令部现代化进程,这将是未来十年的优先事项:美国明确的国防要求和气候变化的紧迫性,特别是在北极地区。这两个驱动因素的背后是大国竞争的国际背景,北极将成为一个非常重要的战场,迫使美国采取行动,并在气候变化改变北极地理环境的情况下制造新的威胁。一方面,美国必须实现其现代化,以对抗难以发现和击败的俄罗斯和中国新技术。北美防空司令部在这方面的能力非常有限,尤其是北方预警系统 (NWS),该系统已成为北美防空司令部现代化进程的优先事项。反过来,美国在这方面的国防战略有明确的优先事项——而加拿大则并非如此。另一方面,气候变化不仅通过对陆地地理的影响(例如北极的冰融化)为新的外部威胁创造了机会,而且还通过气候破坏固有的威胁(例如对关键国防基础设施的潜在破坏或超越加拿大武装部队 (CAF) 的作战能力)创造了机会。然而,尽管气候变化将在未来几年对国防活动产生重大影响,但它几乎没有出现在北美防空司令部的讨论中。气候紧急情况和美国的当务之急必须促使加拿大确定自己的优先事项并选择自己的具体行动途径——这些途径也将反映加拿大的价值观。本政策报告概述了北美防空司令部的现代化,并对华盛顿和北美防空司令部的国防当务之急和优先事项进行了评估。本文介绍了加拿大国防部在气候变化领域的进展,以及这些进展对其活动和能力产生的各种影响。最后,根据目前乌克兰战争所扰乱的国际环境,提出了对加拿大的考虑和建议。
Johannes WM Osterrieth, James Rampersad, David Madden, Nakul Rampal, Luka Skoric, Bethany Connolly, Mark D. Allendorf, Vitalie Stavila, Jonathan L. Snider, Rob Ameloot, João Marreiros, Conchi Ania, Diana Azevedo, Enrique Vilarrasa-Garcia, Xinca F, Buan, Buan, Hanze, Hanze, Neil. R. Champness, Sarah L. Griffin, Banglin Chen, Rui-Biao Lin, Benoit Coasne, Seth Cohen, Jessica C. Moreton, Yamil J. Colón, Linjiang Chen, Rob Clowes, François-Xavier Coudert, Yong Cui, Bang Hou, Deanna M. D'Alessandro, Payne Dohen, Doen, Doe, Sun, Christian. Michael Thomas Huxley, Jack D. Evans, Paolo Falcaro, Raffaele Ricco, Omar Farha, Karam B. Idrees, Timur Islamoglu, Pingyun Feng, Huajun Yang, Ross S. Forgan, Dominic Bara, Shuhei Furukawa, Eli Sanchez, Jorge Gascon, Selvedin Telalović, Sukho Khamed, Khammed Murji, Murji Murji, Matthew R. Saum. diq, Patricia Horcajada, Pablo Salcedo-Abraira, Katsumi Kaneko, Radovan Kukobat, Jeff Kenvin, Seda Keskin, Susumu Kitagawa, Ken-ichi Otake, Ryan P. Lively, Stephen JA DeWitt, Phillip Llewellyn, Bettina V. Lotsch, Sebastian T. Ender, Alexander M. Pati M. Pati M. al, Javier García-Martínez, Noemi Linares, Daniel Maspoch, Jose A. Suárez del Pino, Peyman Moghadam, Rama Oktavian, Russel E. Morris, Paul S. Wheatley, Jorge Navarro, Camille Petit, David Danaci, Matthew J. Rosseinsky, Alexandros P., Kat Schunder, Martin Xu, Sergeant, Sergian, Sergeant. s Mouchaham, David S. Sholl, Raghuram Thyagarajan, Daniel Siderius, Randall Q. Snurr, Rebecca B. Goncalves, Shane Telfer, Seok J. Lee, Valeska P. Ting, Jemma L. Rowlandson, Takashi Uemura, Tomoya Iiyuka, Monique A. van der Revere, David Revere, Speed, M.J. and Lamaire, Krista S. Walton, Lukas W. Bingel, Stefan Wuttke, Jacopo Andreo, Omar Yaghi, Bing Zhang, Cafer T. Yavuz, Thien S. Nguyen, Felix Zamora, Carmen Montoro, Hongcai Zhou, Angelo Kirchon, and David Fairen-Jimenez*
Johannes WM Osterrieth, James Rampersad, David Madden, Nakul Rampal, Luka Skoric, Bethany Connolly, Mark D. Allendorf, Vitalie Stavila, Jonathan L. Snider, Rob Ameloot, João Marreiros, Conchi Ania, Diana Azevedo, Enrique Vilarrasa-Garcia, Xinca F, Buan, Buan, Hanze, Hanze, Neil. R. Champness, Sarah L. Griffin, Banglin Chen, Rui-Biao Lin, Benoit Coasne, Seth Cohen, Jessica C. Moreton, Yamil J. Colón, Linjiang Chen, Rob Clowes, François-Xavier Coudert, Yong Cui, Bang Hou, Deanna M. D'Alessandro, Payne Dohen, Doen, Doe, Sun, Christian. Michael Thomas Huxley, Jack D. Evans, Paolo Falcaro, Raffaele Ricco, Omar Farha, Karam B. Idrees, Timur Islamoglu, Pingyun Feng, Huajun Yang, Ross S. Forgan, Dominic Bara, Shuhei Furukawa, Eli Sanchez, Jorge Gascon, Selvedin Telalović, Sukho Khamed, Khammed Murji, Murji Murji, Matthew R. Saum. diq, Patricia Horcajada, Pablo Salcedo-Abraira, Katsumi Kaneko, Radovan Kukobat, Jeff Kenvin, Seda Keskin, Susumu Kitagawa, Ken-ichi Otake, Ryan P. Lively, Stephen JA DeWitt, Phillip Llewellyn, Bettina V. Lotsch, Sebastian T. Ender, Alexander M. Pati M. Pati M. al, Javier García-Martínez, Noemi Linares, Daniel Maspoch, Jose A. Suárez del Pino, Peyman Moghadam, Rama Oktavian, Russel E. Morris, Paul S. Wheatley, Jorge Navarro, Camille Petit, David Danaci, Matthew J. Rosseinsky, Alexandros P., Kat Schunder, Martin Xu, Sergeant, Sergian, Sergeant. s Mouchaham, David S. Sholl, Raghuram Thyagarajan, Daniel Siderius, Randall Q. Snurr, Rebecca B. Goncalves, Shane Telfer, Seok J. Lee, Valeska P. Ting, Jemma L. Rowlandson, Takashi Uemura, Tomoya Iiyuka, Monique A. van der Revere, David Revere, Speed, M.J. and Lamaire, Krista S. Walton, Lukas W. Bingel, Stefan Wuttke, Jacopo Andreo, Omar Yaghi, Bing Zhang, Cafer T. Yavuz, Thien S. Nguyen, Felix Zamora, Carmen Montoro, Hongcai Zhou, Angelo Kirchon, and David Fairen-Jimenez*
Johannes WM Osterrieth, James Rampersad, David Madden, Nakul Rampal, Luka Skoric, Bethany Connolly, Mark D. Allendorf, Vitalie Stavila, Jonathan L. Snider, Rob Ameloot, João Marreiros, Conchi Ania, Diana Azevedo, Enrique Vilarrasa-Garcia, Xinca F, Buan, Buan, Hanze, Hanze, Neil. R. Champness, Sarah L. Griffin, Banglin Chen, Rui-Biao Lin, Benoit Coasne, Seth Cohen, Jessica C. Moreton, Yamil J. Colón, Linjiang Chen, Rob Clowes, François-Xavier Coudert, Yong Cui, Bang Hou, Deanna M. D'Alessandro, Payne Dohen, Doen, Doe, Sun, Christian. Michael Thomas Huxley, Jack D. Evans, Paolo Falcaro, Raffaele Ricco, Omar Farha, Karam B. Idrees, Timur Islamoglu, Pingyun Feng, Huajun Yang, Ross S. Forgan, Dominic Bara, Shuhei Furukawa, Eli Sanchez, Jorge Gascon, Selvedin Telalović, Sukho Khamed, Khammed Murji, Murji Murji, Matthew R. Saum. diq, Patricia Horcajada, Pablo Salcedo-Abraira, Katsumi Kaneko, Radovan Kukobat, Jeff Kenvin, Seda Keskin, Susumu Kitagawa, Ken-ichi Otake, Ryan P. Lively, Stephen JA DeWitt, Phillip Llewellyn, Bettina V. Lotsch, Sebastian T. Ender, Alexander M. Pati M. Pati M. al, Javier García-Martínez, Noemi Linares, Daniel Maspoch, Jose A. Suárez del Pino, Peyman Moghadam, Rama Oktavian, Russel E. Morris, Paul S. Wheatley, Jorge Navarro, Camille Petit, David Danaci, Matthew J. Rosseinsky, Alexandros P., Kat Schunder, Martin Xu, Sergeant, Sergian, Sergeant. s Mouchaham, David S. Sholl, Raghuram Thyagarajan, Daniel Siderius, Randall Q. Snurr, Rebecca B. Goncalves, Shane Telfer, Seok J. Lee, Valeska P. Ting, Jemma L. Rowlandson, Takashi Uemura, Tomoya Iiyuka, Monique A. van der Revere, David Revere, Speed, M.J. and Lamaire, Krista S. Walton, Lukas W. Bingel, Stefan Wuttke, Jacopo Andreo, Omar Yaghi, Bing Zhang, Cafer T. Yavuz, Thien S. Nguyen, Felix Zamora, Carmen Montoro, Hongcai Zhou, Angelo Kirchon, and David Fairen-Jimenez*
Johannes WM Osterrieth, James Rampersad, David Madden, Nakul Rampal, Luka Skoric, Bethany Connolly, Mark D. Allendorf, Vitalie Stavila, Jonathan L. Snider, Rob Ameloot, João Marreiros, Conchi Ania, Diana Azevedo, Enrique Vilarrasa-Garcia, Xinca F, Buan, Buan, Hanze, Hanze, Neil. R. Champness, Sarah L. Griffin, Banglin Chen, Rui-Biao Lin, Benoit Coasne, Seth Cohen, Jessica C. Moreton, Yamil J. Colón, Linjiang Chen, Rob Clowes, François-Xavier Coudert, Yong Cui, Bang Hou, Deanna M. D'Alessandro, Payne Dohen, Doen, Doe, Sun, Christian. Michael Thomas Huxley, Jack D. Evans, Paolo Falcaro, Raffaele Ricco, Omar Farha, Karam B. Idrees, Timur Islamoglu, Pingyun Feng, Huajun Yang, Ross S. Forgan, Dominic Bara, Shuhei Furukawa, Eli Sanchez, Jorge Gascon, Selvedin Telalović, Sukho Khamed, Khammed Murji, Murji Murji, Matthew R. Saum. diq, Patricia Horcajada, Pablo Salcedo-Abraira, Katsumi Kaneko, Radovan Kukobat, Jeff Kenvin, Seda Keskin, Susumu Kitagawa, Ken-ichi Otake, Ryan P. Lively, Stephen JA DeWitt, Phillip Llewellyn, Bettina V. Lotsch, Sebastian T. Ender, Alexander M. Pati M. Pati M. al, Javier García-Martínez, Noemi Linares, Daniel Maspoch, Jose A. Suárez del Pino, Peyman Moghadam, Rama Oktavian, Russel E. Morris, Paul S. Wheatley, Jorge Navarro, Camille Petit, David Danaci, Matthew J. Rosseinsky, Alexandros P., Kat Schunder, Martin Xu, Sergeant, Sergian, Sergeant. s Mouchaham, David S. Sholl, Raghuram Thyagarajan, Daniel Siderius, Randall Q. Snurr, Rebecca B. Goncalves, Shane Telfer, Seok J. Lee, Valeska P. Ting, Jemma L. Rowlandson, Takashi Uemura, Tomoya Iiyuka, Monique A. van der Revere, David Revere, Speed, M.J. and Lamaire, Krista S. Walton, Lukas W. Bingel, Stefan Wuttke, Jacopo Andreo, Omar Yaghi, Bing Zhang, Cafer T. Yavuz, Thien S. Nguyen, Felix Zamora, Carmen Montoro, Hongcai Zhou, Angelo Kirchon, and David Fairen-Jimenez*
2023 年 3 月 4 日,来自 GANA 日托中心、Golden Harvest 国际学校及日托中心、Loving Hands 日托中心、Pure Love 日托中心 I、Pure Love 日托中心 II 和 R&EQ 日/夜托中心的共 29 名儿童保育提供者完成了“心智形成 (MITM) – 七项基本生活技能”系列培训。这些培训课程由 Evergreen Learning 培训和发展专家 Grace M. Mallari 在 Chalan Kanoa 的 Evergreen Learning 培训中心主持。心智形成 (MITM) 是家庭和工作研究所的一项计划。它通过创新的深入培训和针对行动的材料分享儿童大脑发育和学习的科学。每个“心智形成”模块都包括学习目标和成果、领先儿童发展专家的研究视频、实用的教学技巧以及提供者单独、与伴侣或小组完成的活动。为儿童保育提供者提供 Mind in the Making 培训,以支持儿童保育和发展基金 (CCDF) 计划的愿景,即“北马里亚纳群岛联邦的所有儿童都将成为安全、健康和蓬勃发展的文化多元社区成员。他们的家庭将获得实现潜力所需的高质量支持。”培训系列包括基于大脑执行功能的七项基本生活技能。它们将我们的社交、情感和认知能力结合在一起,以解决和实现目标。研究发现,它们对于学校和生活中的成功至关重要。MITM 的七项基本生活技能是专注和自我控制、换位思考、沟通、建立联系、批判性思维、接受挑战以及自我导向、参与式学习。成功完成培训的 MITM Cohort 3 的提供者包括 Jeramy Tubale、Evangeline Rosalita、Ma。Isabel Estanislao、Andrea Camille Bayking、Ma。莫雷娜·纳瓦、伊琳·安吉利斯、莫雷娜·汗、迈克尔·安吉洛·苏亚索、朱莉·安·加西亚、埃斯特雷拉·朱米拉、梅塞德斯·哈维尔、拉尼·梅·萨格鲍、莎朗·安古斯图拉和格蕾丝·迪维纳格拉西亚。第 4 组提供者由 Marilyn Sagarino、Eva Flores、Aurora Parial、Reyna Fe Negara、Rachael Merced、Maileen Edquiba、Wilma Argabioso、Benedicta Mijares、Amelita Vidal、Valentina Gatmaitan、Janette Magat、Rosana Villaraiz、Angelica Claire Cubillan、Alexander Dumagat 和 Cristine Chavez Bargayo 组成。该培训可通过 CCDF 的早期学习科学计划(也称为 CNMI Brain Builders)提供。这是通过卫生与公共服务部、儿童保育办公室、社区和文化事务部下属的 CNMI CCDF 计划的资助实现的。
我们感谢提供用于构建本文所建立的公共数据库的基础数据的企业合作伙伴:Affinity Solutions(特别是 Atul Chadha 和 Arun Rajagopal)、Lightcast(Anton Libsch 和 Bledi Taska)、CoinOut(Jeff Witten)、Earnin(Arun Natesan 和 Ram Palaniappan)、Homebase(Ray Sandza 和 Andrew Vogeley)、Intuit(Christina Foo 和 Krithika Swaminathan)、Kronos(David Gilbertson)、Paychex(Mike Nichols 和 Shadi Sifain)、Womply(Derek Doel 和 Ryan Thorpe)以及 Zearn(Billy McRae 和 Shalinee Sharma)。我们非常感谢 Nathaniel Hendren,他与我们合作推出了数据库的初始版本,并帮助在 2020 年春季对本文初稿进行了初步分析。我们还要感谢盖茨基金会的 Ryan Rippel 对启动该项目的支持,以及 Gregory Bruich 的早期对话,这些对话帮助激发了这项工作。我们感谢 David Autor、Gabriel Chodorow-Reich、Haley O'Donnell、Emmanuel Farhi、Jason Furman、Steven Hamilton、Erik Hurst、Xavier Jaravel、Lawrence Katz、Fabian Lange、Emmanuel Saez、Ludwig Straub、Danny Yagan 以及众多研讨会参与者的有益评论。这项工作由陈-扎克伯格倡议、比尔和梅琳达盖茨基金会、Overdeck 家族基金会以及 Andrew 和 Melora Balson 资助。该项目已获得哈佛大学 IRB 20-0586 的批准。截至 2023 年 4 月,Opportunity Insights 经济追踪团队的成员包括 Hamidah Alatas、Camille Baker、Harvey Barnhard、Matt Bell、Gregory Bruich、Tina Chelidze、Lucas Chu、Westley Cineus、Sebi Devlin-Foltz、Michael Droste、Dhruv Gaur、Federico Gonzalez、Rayshauna Gray、Abigail Hiller、Matthew Jacob、Tyler Jacobson、Margaret Kallus、Fiona Kastel、Laura Kincaide、Cailtin Kupsc、Sarah LaBauve、Lucía Lamas、Maddie Marino、Kai Matheson、Jared Miller、Christian Mott、Kate Musen、Danny Onorato、Sarah Oppenheimer、Trina Ott、Lynn Overmann、Max Pienkny、Jeremiah Prince、Sebastian Puerta、Daniel Reuter、Peter Ruhm、Tom Rutter、Emanuel Schertz、Shannon Felton Spence、 Krista Stapleford、Kamelia Stavreva、Ceci Steyn、James Stratton、Clare Suter、Elizabeth Thach、Nicolaj Thor、Amanda Wahlers、Kristen Watkins、Alanna Williams、David Williams、Chase Williamson、Shady Yassin、Ruby Zhang 和 Austin Zheng。本文表达的观点均为作者的观点,并不一定反映美国国家经济研究局的观点。
Johannes W. M. Osterrieth,James Ramper,David Madden,Nakul Rampal,Luke Skoric,Bethany Connolly,Mark。 Santos,Xian-He Sun,Hana Bunzen,Sateh C. Moreton,Jessica C. Moreton。 M. D'Alessandro,Patrick W. Dohenn,MirceaDincă,Chenyue Sun,Christian Doonan,Michael Thomas Huxley,Jack D. Evans,Paolo Falcaro。 Shuhei Furukawa, Eli Sanchez, Jorge Gascon, Selvedin Telalović, Sujit K. Ghosh, Soumya Mukherjee, Matthew R. Hill, Muhammed Munir Sadiq, Patricia Horcajada, Pablo Salcedo-Abraira, Katsumi Kaneko, Radovan Kukobat, Jeff Kenvin, Seda Keskin, Susumu北川。Johannes W. M. Osterrieth,James Ramper,David Madden,Nakul Rampal,Luke Skoric,Bethany Connolly,Mark。 Santos,Xian-He Sun,Hana Bunzen,Sateh C. Moreton,Jessica C. Moreton。 M. D'Alessandro,Patrick W. Dohenn,MirceaDincă,Chenyue Sun,Christian Doonan,Michael Thomas Huxley,Jack D. Evans,Paolo Falcaro。 Shuhei Furukawa, Eli Sanchez, Jorge Gascon, Selvedin Telalović, Sujit K. Ghosh, Soumya Mukherjee, Matthew R. Hill, Muhammed Munir Sadiq, Patricia Horcajada, Pablo Salcedo-Abraira, Katsumi Kaneko, Radovan Kukobat, Jeff Kenvin, Seda Keskin, Susumu北川。A. Dewitt,免费V. Lotsch。拉玛·奥克塔维安(Rama Octavian),俄罗斯莫里斯(Morris),保罗·圣惠特利(Paul St. Wheatley),纳瓦尔(Navarre Cyderius,Randall Q. Snurr,Rebecca B. Concalves,Shane Telfer,Seok J. Lee,Valska P. Ting,Van Speybroeck,Sven M. Rogge,Krista,Christ。 St. Luke W. Bingel,Stefan Wuttke,Andreo Jacopo,Omar Yaghi。