宪法以两种基本方式对国会施加了基于联邦制的限制。首先,宪法通过授予联邦政府的各种权力的范围来限制国会的权力。宪法明确授予国会一组精心定义的列举权力,同时保留大多数其他立法权给各州或人民。因此,国会不得制定任何超过其列举权力限制的立法。但是,国会的列举权力可以授权联邦政府制定影响各州行使权力范围的立法。例如,在受到某些限制的情况下,国会可以使用其税收和支出权力来鼓励各州采取某些行动,即使国会缺乏直接采取这些行动的宪法权力。同样,最高法院也解释了《宪法》的商业条款,以使国会权力规范纯粹的内部内部经济活动,这些活动严重影响了总州际贸易。国会也可能制定实施国际条约所必需的立法,即使国会在没有条约的情况下缺乏该地区的权力。根据内战后不久批准的宪法修正案,国会可能在某些情况下直接监管各州,以防止他们剥夺人们的宪法权利。最后,宪法的必要和适当条款通过授权联邦政府颁布适当且明确适应以在其列举的权力内实现合法终点的法律来扩大国会列举的权力。
• Policy Program Memoranda (PPM) 128 was updated in April, and again in June, 2024 to strengthen restrictions on student use of personal mobile devices, improve the consistency of enforcement of restrictions, and handle the surrender of personal mobile devices/ cell phones.• The Personal Mobile Devices/ Cell Phone Use in Schools Policy was written in response to the PPM 128 updates and includes a full ban on student personal mobile devices use from Kindergarten to Grade 8.Students in grades 9-12 must have their personal mobile devices turned off and out of sight when not being used for instructional purposes with the explicit permission from an educator.• Surrendered phones will be stored in a locked box in the Main Office for the school day.• Should a student not comply with the expectation of the Policy and the Code of Conduct, the principal will enact progressive discipline measures in alignment with Safe and Caring Schools Policy 48, up to and including suspension from school.• Students in grades K-8 with a SEA claim, or those with a medical condition (i.e.diabetes) as indicated in their Plan of Care will be able to access their personal mobile device, as needed, with explicit permission from the teacher.
现在是 2030 年,我们以勇敢、富有创意和果断的行动应对了看似无法克服的气候危机。世界各地的人们团结一致,共同承诺创造一个公平、有韧性、可再生和无碳的未来。作为这场运动的核心,AIA 激励全球专业人士社区利用他们的知识和积极性通过设计实现积极变革。
现在是 2030 年,我们以勇敢、富有创意和果断的行动应对了看似无法克服的气候危机。世界各地的人们团结一致,共同承诺创造一个公平、有韧性、可再生和无碳的未来。作为这场运动的核心,AIA 激励全球专业人士社区利用他们的知识和积极性通过设计实现积极变革。