经济发展需要急剧增加能源的消费(图1)。能源的可靠性和成本是小型和大型企业以及家庭福祉的竞争力和增长的关键决定因素。同时,公司成长和个人繁荣所需的能量在地方和全球范围内创造了外部性。能源消耗的国家的不平等甚至比收入更大。平均每年使用超过12,000千瓦时的能源,平均印度少于1200千瓦时,而平均埃塞俄比亚人则是70千瓦时的平均水平 - 只有每个公民每天为30瓦的灯泡供电,每天七个小时。埃塞俄比亚不能为每个公民一个灯泡从贫困中发展出来,因此最近进行了大规模的电气化运动。超过十亿人,主要在南亚和撒哈拉以南非洲,没有清洁,可靠和负担得起的能源。因此,促进经济发展的能源政策首先必须改善家庭和公司的电力通道。
201. 总则(IGC 代码 2.1) ································································································· 7 202. 干舷和完整稳性(IGC 代码 2.2) ············································································· 7 203. 干舷甲板以下的船侧排水(IGC 代码 2.3) ····································· 8 204. 装载条件(IGC 规则 2.4)········································································· 8 205. 损坏假设(IGC 规则 2.5)································································································· 8 206. 液货舱位置(IGC 规则 2.6) ········································································ 9 207. 洪水假设(IGC 规则 2.7) ···························································································· 9 208. 损害标准(IGC 规则 2.8) ············································································· 10 209. 存续要求(IGC 规则 2.9) ································································································· 11
201.一般规定(IGC 规则 2.1)································································································ 8 202.干舷和稳性(IGC 规则 2.2)·················································································································· 11 203.损坏假设(IGC 规则 2.3) ················································································ 12 204.货舱位置(IGC 代码 2.4) ·········································································································· 12 205.洪水假设(IGC 代码 2.5) ·· ... ···························································································· 17
201. 一般规定(IGC 代码 2.1) ······························································································· 8 202. 干舷和稳性(IGC 代码 2.2) ··········································································································· 11 203. 损坏假设(IGC 代码 2.3) ············································································ 12 204. 货油舱位置(IGC 代码 2.4) ·································································································· 12 205. 洪水假设(IGC 代码 2.5) ·· ... ···························································································· 17
• 在缺乏有意义的绩效数据的情况下,雇主及其顾问在选择安排时注重低成本而非长期价值,而 IGC 和受托人在监督安排绩效时可能在某种程度上也反映了这一点。有传闻证据表明,这种情况加上 IGC 方法的变化,推动了供应商之间基于成本而非整体 VFM 的竞争。在这些限制下,可能无法做出最终可能带来更大长期回报的资产配置决策。 • IGC 在获取一致的绩效数据方面面临持续挑战。虽然许多 IGC 及其公司使用第三方来共享匿名数据,但该集团必须就指标达成一致,并且并非所有公司都可以参与。 • 在进行评估并确保公司在合理的时间范围内采取实质性行动时,IGC 和受托人在定义 VFM 方面缺乏一致性。虽然我们的规则允许 IGC 直接向我们上报问题,但很少有人这样做。一些 IGC 可能认为与公司保持合作的工作关系更为重要。
国际增长中心 (www.theigc.org) 通过提供基于前沿研究的需求主导型政策建议,促进发展中国家的可持续增长。IGC 由伦敦政治经济学院和牛津大学的中心领导和组织,并由发展中国家的国家办事处组成。IGC 由国际发展部 (DFID) 发起并资助。
关于国际通信卫星组织通用公司国际通信卫星组织通用通信公司 (IGC) 是卫星技术的基础架构商国际通信卫星组织的全资子公司。IGC 为政府客户提供关键任务移动通信解决方案,包括具有灵活定价计划的托管服务。从偏远的军事前哨和灾难恢复站点到美国大使馆和国土安全机构,IGC 解决方案支持并启用了一些最复杂的政府应用。作为唯一一家获得独立第三方服务组织控制 (SOC 3) 网络安全认证的商业卫星运营商,国际通信卫星组织具有独特的优势,可以帮助其政府客户构建安全、互联的未来。
为促进规则的全球一致实施,已批准解释,例如,IGC 规则第 4.20.1.2 款规定,T 型焊缝可在 A 型或 B 型独立油舱中使用,该款适用于带中心线舱壁的 C 型独立双叶油舱,并包括对规则其他杂项条款的解释。(UI GC20、GC21、GC22、GC25、GC26、GC27、GC28、GC29) 关于 IGC 规则第 5.4.4 款和第 5.13.2.4 款中提及的气体燃料管道系统外管的统一解释将在 CCC 重新考虑