传感器:机械和光学限位开关、编码器、热电偶、应变计、CCD 摄像机、红外传感器、压电传感器、电容式传感器、扭矩传感器、触觉传感器、陀螺仪和超声波传感器。执行器:直流电机、步进电机、交流电机、气动执行器、液压执行器、记忆形状合金。信号调节:组件互连、放大器、模拟滤波器、调制器和解调器、模拟数字转换、采样保持电路、多路复用器、数字滤波器和惠斯通电桥的软件和硬件实现。控制:H 桥电机控制、PWM 电机控制、步进电机控制、液压和气动执行器的非线性控制、PLC、SCADA 系统、工业现场总线、微处理器控制。
电力电子转换器的设计、制造和测试。多电平和多相逆变器的 PWM 技术。拓扑和调制策略的创新,例如软开关和低频开关等,以提高性能。GaN、SiC 等 WBG 器件的特性分析。功率转换器的动态建模和闭环控制器设计。高频磁性元件的设计。高速电机的设计和相应的驱动器开发。EMI 和 EMC。以下是应用列表:低压和中压电网 - 可再生能源和储能的整合、电动汽车充电、电机驱动、电池/超级电容器单元电压平衡、医疗应用的高压转换器、微电网、超临界 CO2 发电、空间应用的功率转换器、控制和功率硬件在环等。
本文介绍了一种用于串联超级电容器串和电池串的新型单串联谐振槽和电容器转换器电压平衡电路。它识别了在串联超级电容器系统或电池系统中恢复最大能量和电池间零电压差的平衡电路。该平衡电路不仅继承了基于传统单串联谐振转换器的平衡系统的改进,而且还恢复了开关损耗、传导损耗和电池串间电压差的缺点。所有 MOSFET 开关均由一对互补 PWM 信号控制。此外,谐振槽和并联电容器在充电和放电两种模式之间工作。该电压平衡电路已显示出在电池管理系统中应用的良好效果。
– 卫星和子通道的单独 DRC – I2C 地址选择引脚(片选) – 支持 8kHz 至 48kHz 采样率 – 自动组切换:为不同的采样率预加载系数 (LJ/RJ/I2S)。无需 • 音频/PWM 处理 – 独立通道音量控制,采样率变化时将新系数写入部件。24dB 至静音 – 自动检测:自动检测采样率变化的单独动态范围控制。无需卫星和子通道外部微处理器干预 – 21 个可编程双二阶滤波器用于扬声器 EQ • 仅需要 3.3V 和 PVDD 以及其他音频处理功能 – DRC 滤波器的可编程系数 应用 • 电视 – 直流阻塞滤波器
图3-11:MATLAB SIMULINK模拟设计的电池。 .................... 40 Figure 3-12 MATLAB SIMULINK simulation of battery comparison. ................. 41 Figure 3-13: SOC results of comparison simulation................................................ 42 Figure 3-14: OCV results of first order RC batteries comparison. ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................二阶RC电池比较的OCV结果。 ..................... 43 Figure 4-1 Traditional bridge-type PWM inverter. (a)拓扑。 (b)波形[30]。 .......................................................................................................................... 45 Figure 4-2 LC Filter equivalent circuit. ................................................................... 46 Figure 4-3: The V2L electrical circuit. .................................................................... 49 Figure 4-4: The equivalent circuit of the V2L system. ............................................ 49 Figure 4-5 Bode Plot of the voltage plant. ............................................................... 52 Figure 4-6: Bode Plot of the current plant. .............................................................. 53 Figure 4-7 the block diagram of the outer voltage control loop with the inner current loop. .......................................................................................................................... 54 Figure 4-8: MATLAB SIMULINK simulation of complete system. .................................................... 57 Figure 4-11 Inductor current result of the system. 。图3-11:MATLAB SIMULINK模拟设计的电池。.................... 40 Figure 3-12 MATLAB SIMULINK simulation of battery comparison.................. 41 Figure 3-13: SOC results of comparison simulation................................................ 42 Figure 3-14: OCV results of first order RC batteries comparison................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................二阶RC电池比较的OCV结果。 ..................... 43 Figure 4-1 Traditional bridge-type PWM inverter. (a)拓扑。 (b)波形[30]。 .......................................................................................................................... 45 Figure 4-2 LC Filter equivalent circuit. ................................................................... 46 Figure 4-3: The V2L electrical circuit. .................................................................... 49 Figure 4-4: The equivalent circuit of the V2L system. ............................................ 49 Figure 4-5 Bode Plot of the voltage plant. ............................................................... 52 Figure 4-6: Bode Plot of the current plant. .............................................................. 53 Figure 4-7 the block diagram of the outer voltage control loop with the inner current loop. .......................................................................................................................... 54 Figure 4-8: MATLAB SIMULINK simulation of complete system. .................................................... 57 Figure 4-11 Inductor current result of the system. 。...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................二阶RC电池比较的OCV结果。..................... 43 Figure 4-1 Traditional bridge-type PWM inverter.(a)拓扑。(b)波形[30]。.......................................................................................................................... 45 Figure 4-2 LC Filter equivalent circuit.................................................................... 46 Figure 4-3: The V2L electrical circuit..................................................................... 49 Figure 4-4: The equivalent circuit of the V2L system............................................. 49 Figure 4-5 Bode Plot of the voltage plant................................................................ 52 Figure 4-6: Bode Plot of the current plant............................................................... 53 Figure 4-7 the block diagram of the outer voltage control loop with the inner current loop........................................................................................................................... 54 Figure 4-8: MATLAB SIMULINK simulation of complete system..................................................... 57 Figure 4-11 Inductor current result of the system.。...................... 55 Figure 4-9: Output voltage result of the system....................................................... 56 Figure 4-10: Output current result of the system.................................................... 57 Figure 4-12: PWM Waveforms of the system.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 58图4-14输出和参考电压....................................................................................................................................... 60 Figure 5-2: Experimental Setup............................................................................... 61 Figure 5-3: Experimental setup; (1)variac,(2)3-φ整流器,(3)控制器,(4)电阻载荷,(5)逆变器,(6)DSP板和电平换挡器电路,(7)示波器,(8)LC滤波器。..................................................................................... 61 Figure 5-4: The connection diagram of the F28335 processor and the level shifter................................................................................................................................... 63 Figure 5-5: Experimental Setup Connection of DSP board and the Level Shifter.64图5-6:无过滤器的逆变器的输出电压。...................................... 65 Figure 5-7: Load voltage and current....................................................................... 66 Figure 5-8: Load Voltage.............................................................................................................................................................................. 71........................................................................................ 66 Figure 5-9 Transient Current and Voltage of Kettle ................................................ 67 Figure 5-10 Transient Current and Voltage of Microwave ..................................... 67 Figure 5-11 Steady-State Current and Voltage of Kettle ......................................... 68 Figure 5-12 Steady-State Current and Voltage of Microwave ................................ 68 Figure 6-1 CHAdeMO Connector and Pin Layout [45].
安全性和可靠性功能包括一个新的双反馈控制环路,允许调节最大灯启动电压和灯电流。调节最大灯电压允许设计人员提供充足的最坏情况灯启动电压,同时保守地限制最大开路电压。创新的新型启动电压生成技术使结节设计人员能够优化高压变压器设计,以实现最大运行效率,而无需功耗开销来保证启动能力。直接驱动拓扑是一种非谐振、振荡器控制的 PWM 调节方法。LX1686 允许选择多种固定工作频率,以使灯电流频率与灯的最有效工作点相匹配,并最大限度地减少高频干扰。
固定频率PWM操作确保开关噪声频谱被限制在600kHz基波及其谐波内,从而允许轻松进行后置滤波以降低噪声。外部时钟同步功能允许更严格的噪声频谱控制。静态功耗小于1mW,可延长电池供电系统的工作时间。两个控制输入(ONA,ONB)允许通过单个瞬时按钮开关进行简单的按压、按压关闭控制,以及传统的开/关逻辑控制。MAX1709还具有可编程软启动和电流限制功能,可实现设计灵活性和最佳电池性能。最大RMS开关电流额定值为10A。有关具有较低电流额定值、较小尺寸和更低成本的设备,请参阅MAX1708数据手册。
轮子速度由运行在 32 位微处理器中的模型支持的 PI 环路控制,该微处理器在功率级使用低噪声高效四象限 PWM 方法。轮驱动电子设备包括热保护和过压保护电路。信号接口是 RS422/RS485 级别的标准异步 SCI。它可用于单全双工配置以及半双工总线架构。波特率可调至 1Mbaud。还提供冗余 CAN 总线接口。反作用轮设计保持模块化。通过改变转子几何形状、输入电压范围或通信协议,VRW 特性很容易适应客户需求。可以在扭矩控制模式或速度控制模式下灵活操作。这种反作用轮的标称在轨寿命超过 45,000 小时。
2.1 主转换器 2.1.1 降压拓扑回顾。降压拓扑是降压转换器中最广泛使用的结构。如图2 所示,开关中断线路电流并向输出 LC 滤波器提供脉冲电压。由于幅度是固定的,因此出现在电容器两端的直流电压取决于施加到滤波器的脉冲宽度。对于这种拓扑,建议采用“连续模式”操作(即电感器电流永不为零),以减少输出电容器和续流二极管的应力。输出电压通常采用 PWM 技术控制。L4985 使用所谓的“电压模式”控制(也称为“直接占空比控制”),其中将固定频率/固定幅度锯齿波与误差信号进行比较,从而设置开关的开启和关闭时间。
模块3:IOT设备简介:RPI硬件详细信息:PIN插图,GPIO内部电路,替代功能引脚电路,RPI的详细硬件规格。Arduino Uno硬件详细信息:Atmega 328p,数字I/O引脚,PWM数字I/O引脚,模拟输入引脚,DC,当前输入引脚,SRAM,SRAM,EEPROM。带有ESP8266开发套件的节点MCU固件:ESP 8266带有TCP/IP协议的WiFi模块,ESP8266的Auduino IDE。与ESP8266接口。Raspberry Pi Setup and Administration: OS LOADING, Post boot configuration, SSH Configuration, Serial Console on Rpi, Wiring Pi,I2c,SPI setup, DHCP server and DHCP client configuration, Wi- Fi Configuration, IP Configuration, Port Forwarding On RPi