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使用嵌入式机器学习在电动汽车中优化电池动力学：在电动汽车子系统中实施实时电压建模
本文探讨了机器学习在电池电动汽车中建模电池动力学的应用。主要目的是开发和实施基于机器学习的模型，该模型可以准确估计锂离子电池电池的终端电压，并能够实时推断电池电动汽车中的嵌入式系统。常规方法（例如等效电路模型）在处理电池电动汽车中遇到的复杂和动态环境时具有局限性。本论文旨在通过利用嵌入式设置的机器学习能力来改进这些方法。这项研究是与Scania CV AB合作进行的，利用了其电池实验室和电动卡车的数据。该研究涉及数据上的预处理和功能工程，然后培训各种机器学习模型，包括前馈神经网络和长期短期记忆网络。这些模型基于其在解释实验室环境中进行的电池测试的数据时进行了培训和评估。然后，对训练有素的机器学习模型进行了调整以在电动卡车内的嵌入式系统上运行，同时考虑了有限的计算能力和内存资源。在驾驶，充电和空转场景期间，在现实世界中的电动卡车中对两种型号进行了评估。长期短期内存网络在驾驶和闲置时表现出更好的性能，在充电方案中，前馈神经网络的表现更好。这些发现非常有价值，因为它们证明机器学习模型对于电池电动汽车中的实时应用是可行的。它还突出了进一步研究的有希望的领域，特别是对于不容易由等效电路模型建模的电池化学，为电动汽车中更智能，安全和效率的电池管理解决方案铺平了道路。
在锂离子电池组中探索热失控期间的颗粒过滤
图1。图像显示了由Northvolt为Scania生产的棱柱形电池。[5] ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 从电池电池到电池系统的最终产品的组件的示意图表示。 [17] ............................................................................................................................................ 14 Figure 3. 最常见的电池单元类型的示意图。 [25] .......................................................................................................................................................... 16 Figure 4. 棱柱电池电池模块的图。 [23] .................................................................... 18 Figure 5. 带有标记组件的电池组的示意图。 [38] ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... SAE International描述的双阶段通风孔功能的图。 [39] ........ 20图7。 （a）在温度与时间图中的热失控事件之前的通风场景的图形表示。 （b）在通风和热失控过程中产生的气体的图形表示与电池一起可以分别以物质温度和时间图温度温度。 [42] ............................................................................................................... 22 Figure 8. [8] ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 示意性表示在热失控期间弹出颗粒的方式。[5] .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................从电池电池到电池系统的最终产品的组件的示意图表示。[17] ............................................................................................................................................ 14 Figure 3.最常见的电池单元类型的示意图。[25] .......................................................................................................................................................... 16 Figure 4.棱柱电池电池模块的图。[23] .................................................................... 18 Figure 5.带有标记组件的电池组的示意图。[38] ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... SAE International描述的双阶段通风孔功能的图。 [39] ........ 20图7。 （a）在温度与时间图中的热失控事件之前的通风场景的图形表示。 （b）在通风和热失控过程中产生的气体的图形表示与电池一起可以分别以物质温度和时间图温度温度。 [42] ............................................................................................................... 22 Figure 8. [8] ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 示意性表示在热失控期间弹出颗粒的方式。[38] ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................SAE International描述的双阶段通风孔功能的图。[39] ........ 20图7。（a）在温度与时间图中的热失控事件之前的通风场景的图形表示。（b）在通风和热失控过程中产生的气体的图形表示与电池一起可以分别以物质温度和时间图温度温度。[42] ............................................................................................................... 22 Figure 8.[8] ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 示意性表示在热失控期间弹出颗粒的方式。[8] ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................示意性表示在热失控期间弹出颗粒的方式。（a）ni，co和Mn的热失控粒子的质量百分比和元素组成的图形表示，以及（b）al，cu，f，p，p，以及其他元素。[74] .......................................................................................................................................................... 27 Figure 10.tr中包括粒子射血的阶段的示意图。[74] ......... 28图11。深度过滤器中主要过滤机制的示意图。[79] ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................从棱柱形液体上的热失控测试中收集的颗粒的尺寸分布，其中a）显示了整个样品的尺寸分布，b）显示了a中第一个峰的尺寸分布。[74] ........................................................................................................................................ 33 Figure 13.带有孔的钢板的示意性重新陈述。............................................................. 37 Figure 14. a) Sketch of test set-up of singular cell and filter material.b) Image of test set-up of singular cell, filter material, and temperature sensors.......................................................................... 37 Figure 15.在测试期间拍摄的图像显示过滤器暴露于火焰的类型。由于机密性目的，未包含在图像中的单元。 ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... TR测试后过滤器A的图像。 TR测试后滤波器C的图像。未包含在图像中的单元。.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................TR测试后过滤器A的图像。TR测试后滤波器C的图像。.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................TR测试后滤波器B的图像（试验1）.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Image of Filter B (Trial 2) after the TR test............................................................................. 41 Figure 19.......................................................................................... 41 Figure 20.所有过滤器的图像（a，b（试验1），b（试验2），c）在TR测试进行比较之后................................................................................................................................. 42图21。SEM images of Filter B (Trial 1) after the TR test ................................................................... 43 Figure 22.TR测试后，从过滤器B的SEM图像（试验1）中进行了。 .................................................. 43 Figure 23. SEM images of Filter B (Trial 2) after the TR test ................................................................... 44 Figure 24. TR测试后，来自滤波器B（试验2）的SEM图像的。 ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... SEM images of Filter C after the TR test ................................................................................ 45从过滤器B的SEM图像（试验1）中进行了。.................................................. 43 Figure 23.SEM images of Filter B (Trial 2) after the TR test ................................................................... 44 Figure 24.。.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................SEM images of Filter C after the TR test ................................................................................ 45