• 绿色植物与树枝:树枝、树叶、植物(不含地面)、植物残留物 • 木材:来自建筑、家具和包装的木材(仅限木材)。 • 油类:植物油(烹饪)、矿物油(发动机) • RAEE:来自电气/电子家用设备或电器的废物 • RUP 危险废物、电池、汽车电池、过期药品 • 大件 RSI 床垫、镜子、各种大件包裹、沙发、安乐椅等。 • 其他:旧鞋、衣服、玻璃、铁。 • 标有“T”和“F”的胶水、喷雾剂、杀虫剂、酸、溶剂等。 • 电器和其他耐用品 • 汽车轮胎、霓虹灯泡、打印机墨粉和墨盒
• 绿色植物与树枝:树枝、树叶、植物(不含地面)、植物残留物 • 木材:来自建筑、家具和包装的木材(仅限木材)。 • 油类:植物油(烹饪)、矿物油(发动机) • RAEE:来自电气/电子家用设备或电器的废物 • RUP 危险废物、电池、汽车电池、过期药品 • 大件 RSI 床垫、镜子、各种大件包裹、沙发、安乐椅等。 • 其他:旧鞋、衣服、玻璃、铁。 • 标有“T”和“F”的胶水、喷雾剂、杀虫剂、酸、溶剂等。 • 电器和其他耐用品 • 汽车轮胎、霓虹灯泡、打印机墨粉和墨盒
• 绿色植物与树枝:树枝、树叶、植物(不含地面)、植物残留物 • 木材:来自建筑、家具和包装的木材(仅限木材)。 • 油类:植物油(烹饪)、矿物油(发动机) • RAEE:来自电气/电子家用设备或电器的废物 • RUP 危险废物、电池、汽车电池、过期药品 • 大件 RSI 床垫、镜子、各种大件包裹、沙发、安乐椅等。 • 其他:旧鞋、衣服、玻璃、铁。 • 标有“T”和“F”的胶水、喷雾剂、杀虫剂、酸、溶剂等。 • 电器和其他耐用品 • 汽车轮胎、霓虹灯泡、打印机墨粉和墨盒
1. Executive Summary When the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA or Agency) takes an action on a pesticide registration ( e.g., registers a pesticide or reevaluates it in registration review) under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), the Agency is responsible under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) to ensure that the action is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of federally threatened or endangered (referred to as “listed”) species, or result in the destruction or adverse modification of their designated critical habitats. Chemical stressors, such as pesticides, are one of many factors that can contribute to population declines of listed species. Meeting this ESA responsibility is a formidable task, considering the tens of thousands of pesticide products and registration amendments for which EPA is required to review the potential effects for over 1,700 U.S. listed species. Given these challenges, in April 2022, EPA released a workplan (USEPA, 2022a) and an update to the workplan in November 2022 (USEPA, 2022b) that describe how it plans to meet its ESA obligations as part of pesticide registration processes under FIFRA. The update also describes strategies for identifying early mitigation measures to address potential population-level impacts to listed species across groups of chemicals ( e.g ., herbicides, rodenticides, insecticides) or in certain regions of the U.S. These strategies intend to more efficiently determine whether, how much, and where mitigations may be needed to protect listed species from many uses of conventional pesticides. This final Herbicide Strategy is another key step in meeting this goal. This Herbicide Strategy covers only conventional herbicides - an important, widely used tool for growers to prevent or eliminate weeds that compete with crops for light, moisture, and nutrients. EPA focused the strategy on agricultural uses in the lower 48 states because hundreds of millions of pounds of herbicides (and plant growth regulators) are applied each year (USEPA, 2017), which is substantially more than for non-agricultural uses and for other pesticide classes ( e.g. , insecticides, fungicides). In addition, there are hundreds of species listed by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (FWS) 1 in the contiguous U.S. The mitigations identified in the strategy would address potential impacts to listed plants (terrestrial, wetland, and aquatic), which are the types of species likely to be most impacted by herbicides. By identifying mitigations to protect plants, listed animal species that depend on plants would also be protected. This includes animals that depend on plants for food and shelter (habitat). By identifying and defining mitigations for these listed plant and animal species, EPA will consider and apply this final Herbicide Strategy as appropriate in FIFRA actions, which should result in reductions of population-level impacts to over 900 listed species in the lower 48 states. The Herbicide Strategy is intended to create a consistent, reasonable, transparent, and understandable approach to assess potential impacts and identify mitigations to reduce potential population-level impacts to listed species from the use of agricultural herbicides. The strategy does not include ESA effects determinations, but instead is meant to identify proactive mitigations that can be applied in registration and registration review actions to reduce pesticide impacts to listed species. The strategy is intended to provide similar and consistent mitigations for herbicides with similar characteristics ( e.g. ,
2. 已发现多种含有毒死蜱的商业产品,其中许多产品都有具体商品名(见 INF 文件表 8,(#add reference)。)。根据对公开数据库1 的搜索,已发现全球有 300 多家含有毒死蜱的产品供应商。大多数供应商在中国,少数供应商位于印度、美国、英国、欧盟和其他国家。还发现毒死蜱与其他杀虫剂混合配制,包括阿维菌素、啶虫脒、噻嗪酮、氟氯氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、二嗪农、敌敌畏、甲氨基阿维菌素、乙虫腈、仲丁威、氟铃脲、异丙威、氯菊酯、辛硫磷、吡蚜酮、吡蚜酮、多杀菌素、福美双、三唑磷、敌百虫以及杀菌剂如代森锰锌和多菌灵(农药行动网络,2013 年)。
荣誉里克·洛佩斯(Rick Lopes),联合主席约翰·迈克尔·帕克(John Michael Parker),联合主席,尊敬的斯蒂芬·哈丁(Stephen Harding),排名成员荣誉帕特里克·卡拉汉(Patrick Callahan),排名成员康涅狄格州成员康涅狄格州的康涅狄格州哈特福德(Hartford)联合委员啮齿动物。亲爱的主席Lopes and Parker,将成员排名Harding和Callahan,以及环境联合委员会成员,我代表生物技术创新组织(BIO)写信,敦促您反对参议院法案9-关于环境,环境,气候和可持续性的Municogtal the Neonicagnects and Section ty Dimenteants ty Dimenteants ty Dimenteants ty tone ty ty ty tone ty ty ty ty ty ty ty ty ty ty ty ty ty ty ty tone ty ty ty ty ty ty ty ty tone ty ty tone ty tone ty dynections,使用新烟碱杀虫剂和新烟碱治疗的种子。
生物多样性损失和气候变化的融合危机对全球经济而言越来越昂贵。食品部门最容易受到这些危机的影响,也是主要贡献者。农药(包括杀虫剂,除草剂和杀真菌剂)的术语直接导致两种危机。他们负责对生物多样性的广泛危害,包括授粉媒介,这些授粉媒介是维持我们三分之一的食物供应所必需的,而土壤生物是建立健康的土壤,隔离碳,保护水以及改善农民气候弹性的核心。1此外,农药源自化石燃料,其生产和使用是与农业相关的温室气体排放的重要驱动因素。2种农药还对供应链的人类健康构成了毁灭性的风险,从消费者到曝光前线的农民,农场工人和农村社区。3
昆虫保护是由天然存在的土壤细菌,苏云金芽孢杆菌或bt的简称开发的,该昆虫的蛋白质会产生一种蛋白质,该蛋白质对靶向昆虫的消化系统无法忍受。通过遗传修饰,将受昆虫保护的基因的修饰形式插入玉米植物中,因此它可以单独产生蛋白质。这种方法使植物能够防御这些昆虫,并减少所需的杀虫剂量。该蛋白质不影响非靶向生物,对人类,牲畜,野生动植物和有益的昆虫是安全的。广泛的研究表明,该蛋白质对人类,牲畜,野生动植物,非目标生物和有益的昆虫是安全的。这些蛋白质已在有机农业中使用了50多年,以控制害虫。
在葡萄黄色中,与“念珠菌植物性溶胶”相关的Bois Noir(BN)代表了全球主要葡萄酒种植地区的最大威胁,在浆果质量和产量中造成了显着损失。bn流行病学涉及多个植物宿主和几个昆虫媒介,从而使有效的管理策略的发展变得非常复杂。由于在葡萄树冠上的施用杀虫剂在管理媒介方面无效,因此,BN管理包括基于冠层处理的综合方法,使植物使植物对病原体的抵抗力和/或抑制载体的饲料具有更大的抵抗力,以及对储层植物的行动,以减少载体的可能性,以减少葡萄剂和传播phytoplasma。在过去的二十年中开发了创新的可持续战略,以改善BN管理,并进行了讨论。