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As a key factor in tumorigenesis, progression, recurrence and metastasis, the biological properties, metabolic adaptations and immune escape mechanisms of CSCs are the focus of current oncological research.CSCs possess self-renewal, multidirectional differentiation and tumorigenicity, and their mechanisms of action can be elucidated by the clonal evolution, hierarchical model and the dynamic CSCs model, of which the dynamic model is widely recognized due to its better explanation of the function and origin of CSCs.The origin hypothesis of CSCs involves cell-cell fusion, horizontal gene transfer, genomic instability and microenvironmental regulation, which together shape the diversity of CSCs.In terms of classi fi cation, CSCs include primary CSCs (pri-CSCs), precancerous stem cells (pre-CSCs), migratory CSCs (mig-CSCs), and chemo-radiotherapy-resistant CSCs (cr-CSCs and rr-CSCs), with each type playing a speci fi c role in tumor progression.Surface markers of CSCs, such as CD24, CD34, CD44, CD90, CD133, CD166, EpCAM, and LGR5, offer the possibility of identifying, isolating, and targeting CSCs, but the instability and heterogeneity of their expression increase the dif fi culty of treatment.CSCs have adapted to their survival needs through metabolic reprogramming, showing the ability to fl exibly switch between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), as well as adjustments to amino acid and lipid metabolism.The Warburg effect typi fi es their metabolic pro fi les, and altered glutamine and fatty acid metabolism further contributes to the rapid proliferation and survival of CSCs.CSC能够通过调节代谢网络来保持其干性特征,增强抗氧化剂防御并适应治疗应力来维持其干性。免疫逃生是CSC维持其生存的另一种策略,CSC可以通过诸如调节PD-L1表达的机制有效地逃避免疫监视,并促进免疫抑制性微环境的形成。一起,这些特性揭示了CSC的多维复杂性,强调了对CSC生物学对开发更有效肿瘤治疗策略的发展的重要性。将来,针对CSC的疗法将集中于表面标记物的精确鉴定,代谢途径的干预以及克服免疫逃生,以改善癌症治疗的相关性和效率,并最终改善患者的预后。
卫星现在通常用于测量水和陆地表面的反射,因此与环境相关的参数,例如水生叶绿素浓度和陆地植被指数。对于每个卫星任务,对于所有光谱带的大气底部都需要放射线验证,并涵盖将使用卫星数据的所有典型条件。现有的网络,例如水和陆地的Radcalnet等现有网络提供了至关重要的验证信息,但是(Aeronet-OC)不涵盖所有光谱带或(Radcalnet)不涵盖所有表面类型和查看角度。在这篇文章中,我们讨论了光辐射测定法中仪器,测量方法和不确定性估计的最新进展,并提出了以下观点,即需要一个新的自动化高光谱辐射仪网络来进行多损新的水和陆地表面反射率的多效率辐射验证。描述了联合网络概念的超网络,为网络特定方面的研究论文提供了背景。该网络在其对土地和水面的共同方法方面都是独一无二的。解释了土地和水测量之间的共同方面和差异。基于对面向验证的研讨会的HyperNET数据的早期热情,我们认为,这种新的自动高光谱辐射仪网络将有助于对水和多角度的多端辐射验证和多角度土地表面反射的反射。HyperNet网络与其他测量网络具有很强的协同作用(Aeronet,
• Determines granular process inefficiencies • Finds, monitors, and sets up tasks for automation with bots or scripts • Extrapolates information from occurrences on a workstation or recorded from screens, creates process documentation, and automates simulation model generation • Restores or expands a model and provides process recommendations based on previous data