Figure 1: Depiction of a sodium chloride (NaCl) compound (rock salt)......................................................16 Figure 2: Annual chloride contributions from major sources in the State of Minnesota...........................16 Figure 3: Water and teaspoon salt...................................................................................................................18 Figure 4: Chloride levels in streams (left) and lakes (right) in Minnesota and Wisconsin.........................18 Figure 5: Decadal Change in Groundwater Quality, USGS, n.d.a...............................................................19 Figure 6: Estimates of costs in dollars per tons for damage caused by road salt (Fortin, 2014).............20 Figure 7: Salt damaged guardrail.....................................................................................................................20 Figure 8: How salts form chemical cocktails Kaushal et Al.