Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising cancer treatment option in recent years. In immune “ hot ” tumors, characterized by abundant immune cell in fi ltration, immunotherapy can improve patients ' prognosis by activating the function of immune cells. By contrast, immune “ cold ” tumors are often less sensitive to immunotherapy owing to low immunogenicity of tumor cells, an immune inhibitory tumor microenvironment, and a series of immune-escape mechanisms. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a promising cellular process to facilitate the transformation of immune “ cold ” tumors to immune “ hot ” tumors by eliciting innate and adaptive immune responses through the release of (or exposure to) damage-related molecular patterns. Accumulating evidence suggests that various traditional therapies can induce ICD, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiotherapy, and photodynamic therapy. In this review, we summarize the biological mechanisms and hallmarks of ICD and introduce some newly discovered and technologically innovative inducers that activate the immune system at the molecular level. Furthermore, we also discuss the clinical applications of combing ICD inducers with cancer immunotherapy. This review will provide valuable insights into the future development of ICD- related combination therapeutics and potential management for “ cold ” tumors.
摘要:在这项工作中,我们探索了镓作为一种有效的相变材料在热管理应用中的热性能。将镓制造的散热器的热存储和散热与传统的相变散热器进行了比较。比较结果显示,由于高密度、热导率和熔化潜热,相变过程中的温度可能降低 50 倍(80 K 对 1.5 K)。镓在瞬时加热时会产生浅热梯度,从而产生近乎等温的过程。使用集中总和参数的计算估计能够提供简单的模型来预测结果。基于镓的相变装置兼具体积小、整个装置温降小、制造和设计简单以及高能量存储应用等特点。DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0001150。本作品根据知识共享署名 4.0 国际许可证条款提供,https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 。
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摘要 相变材料 (PCM) 可通过时间偏移或降低峰值热负荷来提高能源系统的效率。PCM 的价值由其能量和功率密度(总可用存储容量和可访问速度)定义。这些受材料属性的影响,但不能仅凭这些属性来定义。在这里,我们通过开发热速率能力和 Ragone 图来展示能量和功率密度之间的密切联系,Ragone 图是一种广泛用于描述电化学存储系统(即电池)中能量和功率之间权衡的框架。我们的结果阐明了材料特性、几何形状和操作条件如何影响相变热存储的性能。这项研究为比较热存储材料和设备建立了一个清晰的框架,研究人员和设计人员可以使用它来通过存储来提高清洁能源的利用率。