为了确保验证的恰当性,我们设计了三份在线问卷,以了解在烹饪清洁能源获取方面具有独特和互补利益的三类关键利益相关者:(i)最终用户、(ii)能源供应商和(iii)斐济、加纳和尼日利亚农村社区的利益集团。对答复进行分析,以对所研究的三个国家进行比较研究。基于上述内容,我们试图提出在农村社区采用清洁烹饪服务以实现可持续发展的广泛政策路径。这些政策路径协调了烹饪领域的主要利益相关者:政府、非政府组织 (NGO)、清洁能源开发商、商业服务机构和最终用户。此外,还提出了一种农村社区烹饪空间的商业模式,指出清洁烹饪业务的初期应由政府驱动,随后在业务中期由激励驱动(例如,25% 的技术渗透率),在后期由私营部门驱动(例如,45% 的技术渗透率)。预计这项工作的努力可以通过研究清洁烹饪技术的详细技术经济参数来推进,这些参数可能受到与能源服务相关的社会文化因素相关的政策路径的影响。
doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.30919/es1211使用低成分的碳质催化剂在废物食用油热解中优化能量转化,使用响应表面方法论warintorn banchapattanasakda,1频道的aveSanupap 2,* wastikunapap santikunappap santikunap the contractry santikunaporn santantikunaporn santantikunap the contractry santikunaporn offactikan santikunap the contractry santantikunap and*食用油(WCO)使用响应表面方法(RSM)通过活性碳(AC)通过热解进入生物油。采用了中央复合设计来建模反应温度,AC与WCO比和Brauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)表面积之间的关系,及其对生物油产量和能量转化的影响。方差分析将反应温度识别为最具影响力的因素。发现最大能量转化率的最佳条件(93.41%)为425°C的温度,AC与WCO比为1:40,BET表面积为758 m 2 /g。相反,在BET表面积为1000 m 2 /g的条件下,能量转化为88.14%,这是实验中观察到的最高能量转化率。在这种情况下,生物油包含超过40%的柴油样化合物。然而,由于其高酸值,生物油在未经进一步处理的情况下无法直接使用。
Model number : GS2024R003 (black), GS2024R004 (gold), Length : 10.2 in, Width : 13.0 in, Height 2.4 ~ 3.4 in, Weight : 11~15 pounds Battery option# 1: 680W, 600,000 mAh, 1 kWh for cooking rice or boiling water, option#2: 480W, 350,000 mAh, 0.6kWh for light cooking or warming
二手食用油(UCO)是一个伞术,涵盖了所有二手植物油,动物脂肪和加工油,这些植物油,食品加工行业,酒店,餐馆,家庭烹饪或煎炸以及屠宰场废物已使用。无论其起源如何,所有油的主要成分都是甘油酸酯,饱和或不饱和脂肪酸和甘油的酯,伴随着水,颗粒和加工食品的残基。UCO并未归类为危险物品。但是,如果将其处置不当,例如,通过废水的水槽,由于油或脂肪的凝固,排水系统可能会受到堵塞的负面影响。,如果用过的油与其他“固体废物”一起形成巨大的团块,即所谓的Fatbergs,则可能会发生更糟糕的情况。这通常会导致污水管完全阻塞。我们水域中有机污染的20%以上可以是
目标:肯尼亚承诺到 2028 年实现现代能源烹饪服务的普遍使用,并加快实现其清洁烹饪目标的行动。有利环境 7.1.1 加强和实施优先考虑清洁烹饪解决方案的政策和监管手段和战略,以消除制约该行业发展的差距 7.1.2 建立和加强政治意愿,以加速可持续的清洁烹饪转型 7.1.3 利用现有的权力下放的政府系统来倡导清洁烹饪。加强供应 7.1.4 通过创新部署能够反映国家能源供应比较优势的基础设施和规划投资。这意味着要优先考虑该国位置最好的清洁烹饪基础设施 7.1.5 将该国定位为清洁烹饪生态系统投资和研究的首选目的地 7.1.6 动员和促进清洁烹饪行业发展的创新融资 刺激需求 7.1.7 加强和维持公民参与努力,推广清洁烹饪解决方案 7.1.8 赋予社区特别是妇女、弱势群体和青年人权力,使他们采用清洁烹饪,不让任何人掉队 跨领域问题 7.1.9 制定强有力的监测和报告框架,以便有效跟踪进展(知识管理门户) 7.1.10 促进清洁烹饪领域的创新、研究和开发 7.1.11 建设参与向清洁烹饪过渡的参与者的能力 7.1.12 建立推动实现全民清洁烹饪所需的伙伴关系和合作关系 时间范围:2021-2028 目标背景:全球有 380 万人因家庭原因导致的疾病而过早死亡空气污染(WHO,2018)主要是由于使用不清洁燃料和传统炉灶烹饪造成的。必须紧急采取措施加快清洁能源的普及速度,重点是清洁烹饪,以扭转这一趋势。肯尼亚全国人口普查(2019)显示,66.7% 的人仍使用木材或木炭做饭。只有约 24% 的家庭使用液化石油气 (LPG) 作为主要烹饪燃料,而其他清洁解决方案的使用微乎其微。导致空气污染的主要原因是
Angioi,S。A.欧洲的豆类:欧洲阶段的欧洲陆地的起源和结构。(2012)。环境对于豆类的烹饪时间至关重要。ciênciae tecnologia de alimentos,32,573 - 578。https://doi.org/10.1590/s0101-20612005000078 Atkinson,R.转基因苹果树中多边形蛋白酶的过度表达导致一系列新型表型,涉及细胞粘附的变化。植物生理学,129(1),122 - 133。https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.010986 Beebe,S.,Ramirez,J.,Jarvis,A.,Rao,I。,I。,&Mosquera,G。(2011)。遗传改善共同豆类和气候变化的挑战。在S. Yadav,J。Redden,L。Hatfield,H。Lotze-Campen和A. E. Hall(编辑)中。(pp。356 - 369)。作物适应气候变化。Wiley-Blackwell。https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470960929.CH25
The Energy Sector Strategic Plan (ESSP) 2024–2029 serves as a vital framework for steering Rwanda's energy sector towards sustainable growth and aligning with the country's broader goals under Vision 2050 and the upcoming National Strategy for Transformation (NST-2). The plan, developed under the leadership of the Ministry of Infrastructure (MININFRA), in collaboration with various stakeholders, seeks to address current sectoral challenges while maximizing opportunities to promote long-term energy security and economic development. Over the next five years, the ESSP aims to tackle critical issues, including limited electricity access, inefficient energy infrastructure, and reliance on traditional cooking methods, while laying the foundation for Rwanda's energy future. Aligned with Rwanda's international commitments under the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) and the Green Growth and Climate Resilient Strategy (GGCRS), the ESSP identifies six strategic priorities for 2024-2029. These include scaling up both grid and off-grid electricity access, advancing electricity generation projects, promoting clean cooking technologies, expanding the national grid, and increasing street lighting along major roads. These priorities are integral to Rwanda's goal of fostering sustainable economic growth and transitioning towards cleaner, more reliable energy systems as envisioned in Vision 2050. Despite significant progress, including doubling the country's electricity generation capacity from 208.8 MW to 406 MW, the ESSP acknowledges that Rwanda has faced challenges in meeting its energy targets. The goal of 556 MW of electricity generation was missed due to project delays, low demand, and external disruptions such as the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the universal household electricity access goal remains unmet, with 21.1% of households still lacking access to reliable energy. Limited budget allocations, outdated infrastructure, and logistical constraints have also delayed essential projects like, off-grid electrification, and the expansion of petroleum storage facilities. Looking forward, the ESSP sets ambitious targets to be achieved by 2029. On-grid electricity access is projected to rise from 5.9% to 75%, while off-grid access is expected to be maintained between 23% and 25%, ensuring 100% access for productive users by 2027/28. Rwanda's electricity generation capacity is projected to grow to 615 MW, with at least 60% of the energy mix coming from renewable sources. Major projects, such as the 43.5 MW Nyabarongo II hydropower plant, imports 228.6 MW and utility-scale solar PV (), are crucial for reaching these goals. Clean cooking solutions are also a top priority, with the number of households using clean and efficient stoves expected to increase from 1.18 million to 2.88 million by 2029, reducing reliance on biomass and promoting healthier, environmentally friendly cooking alternatives . Additionally, expanding petroleum reserves to ensure a stable -months supply will be essential for Rwanda's energy security. Financing the ESSP's ambitious goals will require substantial resources with an estimated total of over $2.8 billion in the next five years, with significant investments over 75% directed towards electricity access ,generation capacity transmission networks and clean cooking solutions, stereetlighting and development of petroleum strategic reserves taking the rest. Successful execution will depend on the mobilization of financial resources, enhanced coordination among stakeholders, and timely infrastructure development. By addressing these areas, Rwanda is
利用太阳能烹饪食物是一种有前途且有益的系统,它可以减少高达 60% 的烹饪燃料消耗。太阳能烹饪还可以减少化石燃料产生的有害影响。与传统烹饪相比,使用太阳能烹饪可以获得更高的食物营养价值。根据太阳能烹饪的原理,20% 的热量用于将食物加热到沸腾温度,35% 的热量用于水的蒸发,45% 的热量用于烹饪容器的对流损失。因此,如果烹饪容器的对流热损失减少,则箱式太阳能灶的性能将提高。因此,本文讨论了提高箱式太阳能灶性能的各种技术。
商业烹饪设备。在商业食品服务机构中使用的设备用于供暖或烹饪食品。出于此定义的目的,商业食品服务机构是准备出售食品或以数量和频率代表家务烹饪代表的量表进行准备的地方。商业烹饪循环系统。由排气罩,烹饪设备,过滤器和火灾抑制系统组成的独立系统。该系统旨在捕获商用烹饪设备产生的烹饪蒸气和残留物。该系统从排气中去除污染物,并将空气循环到撤回其空间。轻便烹饪设备。轻便的烹饪设备包括气体和电动烤箱(包括标准,烘烤,烘焙,旋转,重新,对流,对流组合/轮蒸锅,台面输送烘焙/饰面,甲板和糕点),电动和天然气蒸汽箱套装的水壶,电动和燃气锅炉,电动汽油和加油和加油和氛围和氛围和氛围和氛围和氛围和加油和氛围和氛围和氛围和氛围和氛围。中型烹饪设备。Medium-duty cooking appliances include electric discrete element ranges (with or without oven), electric and gas hot-top ranges, electric and gas griddles, electric and gas double-sided griddles, electric and gas fryers (including open deep fat fryers, donut fryers, kettle fryers and pressure fryers), electric and gas conveyor pizza ovens, electric and gas tilting skillets (braising pans) and电气和煤气烤盘。重型烹饪设备。重型烹饪设备包括电动训练肉鸡,电动链(输送机)肉鸡,燃气不足的肉鸡,燃气链(输送机)肉鸡,燃气开放式燃烧器范围(有或没有烤箱),电动和燃气锅,吸烟者,吸烟者,吸烟者,电动和汽油烤箱,以及燃料过多的(燃料(燃料)烤(Incipriprip)。