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地球系统科学与政策（ESSP）
ESSP 501. 地球系统科学与政策 I。5 个学分。概述五个研究领域的基本问题：生物多样性和生态系统功能；气候和环境变化；土地和资源管理；环境政策、管理和通信；人类健康和环境。材料将在基于问题的学习环境中“情境化”呈现。ESSP 教师和客座讲师将介绍与主题相关的背景信息。学生应积极参与学习过程，方法是 1) 确定他们需要哪些进一步的信息来理解问题，2) 研究问题，3) 清楚简洁地向彼此介绍他们的研究结果。先决条件：ESSP 研究生学位。共同要求：ESSP 501R 和 ESSP 501L。
能源行业战略计划 (ESSP)
The Energy Sector Strategic Plan (ESSP) 2024–2029 serves as a vital framework for steering Rwanda's energy sector towards sustainable growth and aligning with the country's broader goals under Vision 2050 and the upcoming National Strategy for Transformation (NST-2). The plan, developed under the leadership of the Ministry of Infrastructure (MININFRA), in collaboration with various stakeholders, seeks to address current sectoral challenges while maximizing opportunities to promote long-term energy security and economic development. Over the next five years, the ESSP aims to tackle critical issues, including limited electricity access, inefficient energy infrastructure, and reliance on traditional cooking methods, while laying the foundation for Rwanda's energy future. Aligned with Rwanda's international commitments under the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) and the Green Growth and Climate Resilient Strategy (GGCRS), the ESSP identifies six strategic priorities for 2024-2029. These include scaling up both grid and off-grid electricity access, advancing electricity generation projects, promoting clean cooking technologies, expanding the national grid, and increasing street lighting along major roads. These priorities are integral to Rwanda's goal of fostering sustainable economic growth and transitioning towards cleaner, more reliable energy systems as envisioned in Vision 2050. Despite significant progress, including doubling the country's electricity generation capacity from 208.8 MW to 406 MW, the ESSP acknowledges that Rwanda has faced challenges in meeting its energy targets. The goal of 556 MW of electricity generation was missed due to project delays, low demand, and external disruptions such as the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the universal household electricity access goal remains unmet, with 21.1% of households still lacking access to reliable energy. Limited budget allocations, outdated infrastructure, and logistical constraints have also delayed essential projects like, off-grid electrification, and the expansion of petroleum storage facilities. Looking forward, the ESSP sets ambitious targets to be achieved by 2029. On-grid electricity access is projected to rise from 5.9% to 75%, while off-grid access is expected to be maintained between 23% and 25%, ensuring 100% access for productive users by 2027/28. Rwanda's electricity generation capacity is projected to grow to 615 MW, with at least 60% of the energy mix coming from renewable sources. Major projects, such as the 43.5 MW Nyabarongo II hydropower plant, imports 228.6 MW and utility-scale solar PV (), are crucial for reaching these goals. Clean cooking solutions are also a top priority, with the number of households using clean and efficient stoves expected to increase from 1.18 million to 2.88 million by 2029, reducing reliance on biomass and promoting healthier, environmentally friendly cooking alternatives . Additionally, expanding petroleum reserves to ensure a stable -months supply will be essential for Rwanda's energy security. Financing the ESSP's ambitious goals will require substantial resources with an estimated total of over $2.8 billion in the next five years, with significant investments over 75% directed towards electricity access ,generation capacity transmission networks and clean cooking solutions, stereetlighting and development of petroleum strategic reserves taking the rest. Successful execution will depend on the mobilization of financial resources, enhanced coordination among stakeholders, and timely infrastructure development. By addressing these areas, Rwanda is
能源部门战略计划（ESSP）
当前的情况分析显示出明显的成就以及持续的挑战，包括预期的能源需求增长速度较慢和家庭电力的差距为23.8％。有限的预算分配阻碍了基础设施项目，例如街道照明和离网电气化，加剧访问差异。全球破坏，例如19日大流行和供应链限制，进一步延迟了项目时间表，尤其是在石油存储和分布中。关键差距和挑战包括资金不足，过时的分销网络以及实施差距，阻碍了通用电力通行的进展。应对这些挑战需要战略干预，改善协调并增加资源动员，以确保所有人的可持续能源获取。
诺德霍恩空中及地面射击场
面积 2,200 公顷 延伸范围 东西约 9 公里、南北约 8 公里 住宿能力 无 概况 平原景观 土地覆盖率 60％ 的面积被森林覆盖；细沙和中等沙质覆盖。气候亚大西洋和温带气候区。年降雨量：700 - 800毫米；年平均气温约8.5℃
第 36 期，Summer'21 Edition - EGNOS BULLETIN - ESSP-SAS
自 2019 年 11 月在 DHC-8 Q400 飞机上进行首次 LPV 试飞以来，Wideroe 机队对 EGNOS 的采用显著增加（参见此处的成功案例）。如今，他们运营着一支由 10 架 DHC-8 Q400 飞机组成的机队，所有飞机都配备了 LPV 功能。“Wideroe 认为 LPV 因其能力和可访问性而具有巨大的潜力”。最初，Wideroe 遇到过飞机在短端略微偏离跑道中心线的情况。然而，对这一异常进行了彻底调查，他们发现必须重新调整自动驾驶仪增益。修改此设置后，偏移消失了。此外，构成其完整运营机队的其余 30 架飞机的未来将升级为兼容 SBAS 的 FMS。是否配备 LPV 功能的最终决定仍有待做出。特别关注