Individual has a personal history of a Primary Solid Tumor (excluding basal or squamous cell skin cancer) and at least one of the following: o A pathogenic variant was detected in tumor tissue that has clinical implications if detected in the germline (e.g., BRCA1, BRCA2, BRIP1, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, MUTYH, PALB2, PMS2, RAD51C, RAD51D, RET, SDHAF2, SDHB, SDHC, SDHD, TMEM127, TSC2, VHL APC, PTEN, RB1, and TP53 ) o Tumor tissue testing demonstrated that the cancer was MSI-high or had immunohistochemical staining showing the absence of one or more mismatch repair (MMR) proteins ( MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, or PMS2 ) o Individual has a Tyrer-Cuzick, BRCAPro, or Penn11 Score of 2.5% or greater for a BRCA1/2 pathogenic variant o Individual has a PREMM 5 , MMRpro, or MMRpredict Score of 2.5% or greater for having a Lynch syndrome gene mutation Individuals With No Personal History of a Primary Solid Tumor Genetic testing with a Multi-Gene hereditary cancer Panel or testing of BRCA1/2 for individuals如果符合以下至少一个标准之一,则没有原发性实体瘤的个人病史(不包括基底或鳞状细胞皮肤癌),并且在医学上是必不可少的:
抽象的胃肠道肿瘤(GIST)在其诊断和管理方面取得了显着进步,这是由有针对性的治疗发育和分子测试驱动的。鉴定KIT和PDGFRA等基因中的突变已改变了治疗方法,尤其是通过诸如伊马替尼(Imatinib)等有针对性的疗法,这些疗法改善了患者的出现。本综述探讨了基因组测试在要点中的关键作用,强调了其在套件/PDGFRA阴性的准确诊断,治疗计划和长期监视中的重要性。SDH缺陷的GIST是由影响琥珀酸脱氢酶复合物的突变或表观遗传变化引起的。SDH缺陷的GIST的复杂性,包括它们与遗传性综合征的相关性,例如遗传性副神经胶质瘤 - 嗜铬细胞瘤和/或SDHC启动子的过度甲基化,强调了对全面生殖线测试的需求。尽管有指导线的可用性,但在不同地区的基因组测试建议中仍然存在可变性,因此需要采用统一的方法。本综述提出了一种用于GIST的基因组检查的简化算法,并建议所有具有SDH缺陷的GIST的个体,无论种系测试结果如何,都需要监测额外的SDHX相关肿瘤,鉴于缺乏广泛可用的甲基化和全基因SDHA分析。