从历史上看,新材料和异质结构推动了革命性的科学和技术变革,从用于节油飞机的碳复合材料,到用于现代计算的高纯度、精确掺杂半导体,再到用于固态激光器和关联量子霍尔物理的新型 III-V 异质结构。近年来,我们对材料分类的理解发生了革命性的变化。就像在拓扑学家看来,甜甜圈和咖啡杯“看起来一样”,因为它们都有一个孔(图 1),但它们看起来都不像没有孔的球一样,这些新材料的特点是其电子态的拓扑特性。拓扑材料中稳定存在的不寻常特性将为一系列技术应用带来新一代电子、传感器和光学元件。
5-在多孔板中,渴望细胞介质,并在对照孔中添加100 µL对照Spachip®稀释(见图2)。使用前,涡流在使用前。添加100 µL AssaySpachip®含有孔的新鲜培养基。通过经常上下移动来使溶液匀浆。6-在细胞孵化器中孵育过夜,使细胞内化Spachip®。内在化率可能取决于细胞亚型,但应超过25%。7-要包括参考值,请使用板的一些井来校准系统(对照,离子载体和/或诸如BR-A23187之类的钙隔离剂或图2中的BAPTA-AM)。在这种情况下,请按照校准制造商的说明进行操作。8-使用您的读出平台执行实验。对于长期多次测量测定法(例如,在一个星期或一个月内进行监视),将板保持在每个测量之间的适当条件,并根据细胞亚型每24-48小时更改一次培养基。
图1。图像显示了由Northvolt为Scania生产的棱柱形电池。[5] ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 从电池电池到电池系统的最终产品的组件的示意图表示。 [17] ............................................................................................................................................ 14 Figure 3. 最常见的电池单元类型的示意图。 [25] .......................................................................................................................................................... 16 Figure 4. 棱柱电池电池模块的图。 [23] .................................................................... 18 Figure 5. 带有标记组件的电池组的示意图。 [38] ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... SAE International描述的双阶段通风孔功能的图。 [39] ........ 20图7。 (a)在温度与时间图中的热失控事件之前的通风场景的图形表示。 (b)在通风和热失控过程中产生的气体的图形表示与电池一起可以分别以物质温度和时间图温度温度。 [42] ............................................................................................................... 22 Figure 8. [8] ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 示意性表示在热失控期间弹出颗粒的方式。[5] .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................从电池电池到电池系统的最终产品的组件的示意图表示。[17] ............................................................................................................................................ 14 Figure 3.最常见的电池单元类型的示意图。[25] .......................................................................................................................................................... 16 Figure 4.棱柱电池电池模块的图。[23] .................................................................... 18 Figure 5.带有标记组件的电池组的示意图。[38] ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... SAE International描述的双阶段通风孔功能的图。 [39] ........ 20图7。 (a)在温度与时间图中的热失控事件之前的通风场景的图形表示。 (b)在通风和热失控过程中产生的气体的图形表示与电池一起可以分别以物质温度和时间图温度温度。 [42] ............................................................................................................... 22 Figure 8. [8] ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 示意性表示在热失控期间弹出颗粒的方式。[38] ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................SAE International描述的双阶段通风孔功能的图。[39] ........ 20图7。(a)在温度与时间图中的热失控事件之前的通风场景的图形表示。(b)在通风和热失控过程中产生的气体的图形表示与电池一起可以分别以物质温度和时间图温度温度。[42] ............................................................................................................... 22 Figure 8.[8] ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 示意性表示在热失控期间弹出颗粒的方式。[8] ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................示意性表示在热失控期间弹出颗粒的方式。(a)ni,co和Mn的热失控粒子的质量百分比和元素组成的图形表示,以及(b)al,cu,f,p,p,以及其他元素。[74] .......................................................................................................................................................... 27 Figure 10.tr中包括粒子射血的阶段的示意图。[74] ......... 28图11。深度过滤器中主要过滤机制的示意图。[79] ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................从棱柱形液体上的热失控测试中收集的颗粒的尺寸分布,其中a)显示了整个样品的尺寸分布,b)显示了a中第一个峰的尺寸分布。[74] ........................................................................................................................................ 33 Figure 13.带有孔的钢板的示意性重新陈述。............................................................. 37 Figure 14. a) Sketch of test set-up of singular cell and filter material.b) Image of test set-up of singular cell, filter material, and temperature sensors.......................................................................... 37 Figure 15.在测试期间拍摄的图像显示过滤器暴露于火焰的类型。由于机密性目的,未包含在图像中的单元。 ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... TR测试后过滤器A的图像。 TR测试后滤波器C的图像。未包含在图像中的单元。.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................TR测试后过滤器A的图像。TR测试后滤波器C的图像。.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................TR测试后滤波器B的图像(试验1).........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Image of Filter B (Trial 2) after the TR test............................................................................. 41 Figure 19.......................................................................................... 41 Figure 20.所有过滤器的图像(a,b(试验1),b(试验2),c)在TR测试进行比较之后................................................................................................................................. 42图21。SEM images of Filter B (Trial 1) after the TR test ................................................................... 43 Figure 22.TR测试后,从过滤器B的SEM图像(试验1)中进行了。 .................................................. 43 Figure 23. SEM images of Filter B (Trial 2) after the TR test ................................................................... 44 Figure 24. TR测试后,来自滤波器B(试验2)的SEM图像的。 ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... SEM images of Filter C after the TR test ................................................................................ 45从过滤器B的SEM图像(试验1)中进行了。.................................................. 43 Figure 23.SEM images of Filter B (Trial 2) after the TR test ................................................................... 44 Figure 24.。.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................SEM images of Filter C after the TR test ................................................................................ 45