摘要:印度尼西亚对《巴黎协定》及其国家确定的概要(NDC)的承诺并未充分反映在化石燃料密集型能源部门的重大CO 2排放量中,尽管该国有巨大的可再生能源潜力。正在进行的煤炭制度导致电力供电和空气污染问题。尽管对印度尼西亚面临巨大的挑战,但从化石燃料中出现的公正能源过渡至关重要。本研究旨在探索印度尼西亚的理想能量混合物和关键的发射途径,以使用最不可能优化的能量建模工具Osemosys实现公正的能量过渡。在2015 - 2050年期间建立了六个方案,包括煤炭淘汰,NDC,Just Energy Transition Partnership(JETP)和碳税实施。结果表明,太阳能,地理力量和水力发电是煤炭退役的替代方法。尽管在NDC和JETP方案下对可再生能源进行了大规模投资,但到2050年,排放量可以分别降低55%和52%。此外,印尼目前的碳税率不会大大减少。三个建议的政策包括(1)加速CFPP退休; (2)施加积极的碳税率; (3)优先考虑对太阳能技术的投资。
ADB : Asian Development Bank AIIB : Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank AMC : Advance Market Commitments APBD : Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah (sub-national government budget) APROBI : Indonesia Biofuel Producer Association B2B : Business-to-business bbl : barrel BESS : Battery Energy Storage Systems BEV : Battery Electric Vehicle BF : Blast furnace BGH : Bangunan Gedung Hijau BOF : Basic oxygen furnace BPDPKS : Badan Pengelola Dana Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit BPS : Best policy scenario BPS : Badan Pusat Statistik (Statistics Indonesia) CAPEX : Capital expenditure CCS : Carbon Capture and Storage CCUS : Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage CCGT : Combined-Cycle Gas Turbine CFPP : Coal-fired Power Plant CMEA :经济事务部协调部2:二氧化碳COP:同性态度的COP:聚会会议Covid-19:Coronavirus疾病CPO:CORONAVIRUS疾病CPO:粗棕榈油CPS:当前的政策情况CRF:碳还原基金DEN:DEWAN ENDERGI国家能源委员会(National Engial Counce Energi DMO:国内市场义务DRI:直接减少铁E-BUS:电动总线E-HAPI:创新E2W的电动和混合飞机平台:电动2轮毂
ADB:亚洲开发银行 AIIB:亚洲基础设施投资银行 AMC:预先市场承诺 APBD:地方政府预算 (Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah) APROBI:印尼生物燃料生产商协会 B2B:企业对企业 bbl:桶 BESS:电池储能系统 BEV:电池电动汽车 BF:高炉 BGH:高炉 BOF:碱性氧气转炉 BPDPKS:炼钢厂的能源效率 BPS:最佳政策情景 BPS:印尼统计局 (Badan Pusat Statistik) CAPEX:资本支出 CCS:碳捕获与储存 CCUS:碳捕获利用与储存 CCGT:联合循环燃气轮机 CFPP:燃煤电厂 CMEA:经济事务协调部 CO 2:二氧化碳 CoP:绩效系数 COP : 缔约方大会 COVID-19 : 冠状病毒病 CPO : 毛棕榈油 CPS : 当前政策情景 CRF : 碳减排基金 DEN : Dewan Energi National (国家能源委员会) Ditjen EBTKE : Direktorat Jenderal Energi Baru Terbarukan dan Konservasi Energi DMO : 国内市场义务 DRI : 直接还原铁 E-bus : 电动巴士E-HAPI:电动和混合动力飞机创新平台 E2W:电动两轮车
Abbreviation Description BOO Build-Own-Operate CfD Contract for Difference CFPP Carbon Free Power Project CFR Code of Federal Regulations COL Construction and Operation License COP Conference of Parties CSF Cost Stabilization Facility DOE Department of Energy ECA Export Credit Agency EPC Engineering, Procurement, and Construction EXIM Export-Import Bank (United States) FIRST Foundational Infrastructure for Responsible Use of Small Modular Reactor Technology FOAK First-of-a-Kind HALEU High-Assay Low Enriched Uranium HTGR High Temperature Gas Reactor HWR Heavy Water Reactor IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IBNI International Bank for Nuclear Infrastructure IEF International Energy Forum IRA Inflation Reduction Act LACE Levelized Avoided Cost of Energy LCOE Levelized Cost of Electricity LEU Low Enriched Uranium LFSCOE Levelized Full System Cost of Electricity LILW Low and Intermediate Level Waste LLW Low-Level Waste LLC Limited Liability Company LPO Loans Program Office LWR Light Water Reactor MDB Multilateral Development Bank MOX Mixed-oxide fuel MWe Megawatt of electricity MWh Megawatt hour NOAK Nth-of-a-Kind NPP Nuclear Power Plant NPT Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty NRC Nuclear Regulatory Commission (United States) OCC Overnight Capital Cost O&M Operation and Maintenance PRA Probabilistic Risk评估Purex铀提取