因此,这种随机边缘着色在没有单色k -clique的情况下产生着色的可能性> 0,因此必须存在这种着色。表明r k <2 2 k我们可以通过归纳论证进行。将r a,b定义为最小n,使得N顶点上完整图的任何2个色(例如红色和蓝色)具有至少A的单色红色集团,或者至少具有至少B的单色蓝色集团。首先观察到r a,b = r b,a,通过对称性和r 1,k = 1,因为所有着色都有红色的1片(因为这甚至不涉及任何红色边缘)。考虑在n = 1 + r a-1,b + r a,b-1顶点上的图2颜色。修复一个顶点V,让S r表示通过红色边缘连接到V的顶点的子集,而S B表示通过蓝色边缘连接到V的顶点的子集。构造,| S R | + | S B | + 1 = n = 1 + r a - 1,b + r a,b - 1,因此| S R | ≥ra -1,b或| S B | ≥ra,b -1。在| S R | ≥ra -1,b,要么S r具有大小B的蓝色集团,要么是大小A -1的红色集团,其顶点均通过红色边缘连接到V,在这种情况下,该图具有大小a的红色库。在| S B | ≥ra,b -1。因此,我们表明
Prokaryotic CRISPR–Cas immunity is subverted by anti-CRISPRs (Acrs), which inhibit Cas protein activities when expressed during the phage lytic cycle or from resident prophages or plasmids 1 . Acrs often bind to specific cognate Cas proteins, and hence inhibition is typically limited to a single CRISPR–Cas subtype 2 . Furthermore, although acr genes are frequently organized together in phage- associated gene clusters 3 , how such inhibitors initially evolve has remained unclear. Here we investigated the Acr content and inhibition specificity of diverse Listeria isolates, which naturally harbour four CRISPR–Cas systems (types I-B, II-A, II-C and VI-A). We observed widespread antagonism of CRISPR, which we traced to 11 previously unknown and 4 known acr gene families encoded by endogenous mobile elements. Among these were two Acrs that possess sequence homology to type I-B Cas proteins, one of which assembles into a defective interference complex. Surprisingly, an additional type I-B Cas homologue did not affect type I immunity, but instead inhibited the RNA-targeting type VI CRISPR system by means of CRISPR RNA (crRNA) degradation. By probing viral sequence databases, we detected abundant orphan cas genes located within putative anti-defence gene clusters. Among them, we verified the activity of a particularly broad-spectrum cas3 homologue that inhibits type I-B, II-A and VI-A CRISPR immunity. Our observations provide direct evidence of Acr evolution by cas gene co-option, and new genes with potential for broad-spectrum control of genome editing technologies.
中国科学家于 2002 年破译了水稻基因组。印度农业研究所 (IARI) 的科学家利用基因组测序培育出更好的水稻品种,如 Pusa Basmati-1 和 Pusa Basmati-1121,这两种水稻目前占印度大米出口的大部分。还培育出了几种转基因品种,包括抗虫棉花、耐除草剂大豆和抗病毒木瓜。因此,1 是正确的。在传统育种中,植物育种者会仔细检查他们的田地并寻找表现出所需性状的个体植物。这些性状通过一种称为突变的过程自发产生,但自然突变率非常缓慢且不可靠,无法产生育种者希望看到的所有植物性状。然而,基因组测序所需时间更短,因此更可取。因此,2 是正确的。宿主-病原体相互作用被定义为微生物或病毒在分子、细胞、生物体或种群水平上如何在宿主生物体内维持自身。基因组测序可以研究作物的整个 DNA 序列,从而有助于了解病原体的生存或繁殖区。因此,3 是正确的。因此,选项 (d) 是正确答案
作者 C Maathuis · 2022 年 · 被引用 21 次 — 因此,这项研究为人工智能、军事和网络安全领域现有的知识体系做出了贡献,并呼吁在这方面进行进一步研究……
