As a key factor in tumorigenesis, progression, recurrence and metastasis, the biological properties, metabolic adaptations and immune escape mechanisms of CSCs are the focus of current oncological research.CSCs possess self-renewal, multidirectional differentiation and tumorigenicity, and their mechanisms of action can be elucidated by the clonal evolution, hierarchical model and the dynamic CSCs model, of which the dynamic model is widely recognized due to its better explanation of the function and origin of CSCs.The origin hypothesis of CSCs involves cell-cell fusion, horizontal gene transfer, genomic instability and microenvironmental regulation, which together shape the diversity of CSCs.In terms of classi fi cation, CSCs include primary CSCs (pri-CSCs), precancerous stem cells (pre-CSCs), migratory CSCs (mig-CSCs), and chemo-radiotherapy-resistant CSCs (cr-CSCs and rr-CSCs), with each type playing a speci fi c role in tumor progression.Surface markers of CSCs, such as CD24, CD34, CD44, CD90, CD133, CD166, EpCAM, and LGR5, offer the possibility of identifying, isolating, and targeting CSCs, but the instability and heterogeneity of their expression increase the dif fi culty of treatment.CSCs have adapted to their survival needs through metabolic reprogramming, showing the ability to fl exibly switch between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), as well as adjustments to amino acid and lipid metabolism.The Warburg effect typi fi es their metabolic pro fi les, and altered glutamine and fatty acid metabolism further contributes to the rapid proliferation and survival of CSCs.CSC能够通过调节代谢网络来保持其干性特征,增强抗氧化剂防御并适应治疗应力来维持其干性。免疫逃生是CSC维持其生存的另一种策略,CSC可以通过诸如调节PD-L1表达的机制有效地逃避免疫监视,并促进免疫抑制性微环境的形成。一起,这些特性揭示了CSC的多维复杂性,强调了对CSC生物学对开发更有效肿瘤治疗策略的发展的重要性。将来,针对CSC的疗法将集中于表面标记物的精确鉴定,代谢途径的干预以及克服免疫逃生,以改善癌症治疗的相关性和效率,并最终改善患者的预后。
抽象背景可以通过特异性靶向触发抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性(ADCC)或通过遗传工程来表达嵌合抗原受体(CARS)来增强自然杀伤(NK)细胞的抗肿瘤活性。尽管抗体或汽车靶向,但某些肿瘤仍然对NK细胞攻击具有抗性。已知ICAM-1/LFA-1相互作用对NK细胞的自然细胞毒性的重要性,但它对ERBB2(HER2)特异性抗体曲妥珠单抗和ERBB2-培养基介导的NK细胞细胞毒性抗乳腺癌细胞诱导的ADCC的影响。方法,我们使用了表达高亲和力FC受体FcγRIIIA的NK-92细胞与曲妥珠单抗或ERBB2- CAR工程NK-92细胞(NK-92/5.28.Z)以及与ERBB2-CAR-2-CAR-2-CAR-2-CARID-ICAMID CYAMIS CYMINIC CYMINID CYMINIC CYMINID-CAR-2-CAR-2-CAR-92细胞(NK-92/5.28.z)结合使用,并或替代阻断NK细胞上的LFA-1。此外,我们特别刺激了FC受体,CAR和/或LFA-1,以研究其在免疫突触时的串扰,及其对抗体靶向抗体或靶向的NK细胞中脱粒和细胞内信号的贡献。结果阻断了LFA-1或ICAM-1的不存在会在曲妥珠单抗介导的ADCC中显着降低细胞杀伤和细胞因子释放,以针对ERBB2-阳性乳腺癌细胞,但在靶向汽车的NK细胞中并非如此。用5-Aza-2'-脱氧胞苷进行预处理,诱导ICAM-1上调,并反转ADCC中的NK细胞耐药性。此外,刺激抑制性NK细胞检查点NKG2A曲妥珠单抗单独没有充分激活NK细胞,需要额外的LFA-1共同刺激,而在CAR-NK细胞中ERBB2型车的激活会诱导的有效脱粒化,而与LFA-1无关。总内反射荧光单分子成像表明,CAR-NK细胞与排除ICAM-1的肿瘤细胞形成了不规则的免疫学突触,而曲妥珠单抗形成了典型的外周上分子超分子激活簇(PSMAC)结构。从机理上讲,ICAM-1的缺失不会影响ADCC期间的细胞 - 细胞粘附,而是导致通过PYK2和ERK1/2的信号降低,这是由CAR介导的靶向本质上提供的。
