Louise O. Downs 1,2,3 |肯尼斯·卡巴加姆(Kenneth Kabagambe)4 |莎拉·威廉姆斯5 |伊丽莎白·沃迪洛夫6 | Marion Delphin 6 | Sheila F. Lumley 2,3 | Richard Ndungutse 7 |比阿特丽斯和服7 |罗伯特·牛顿7,8 | Joy KO 9 | Emily Martyn 10,11 |杰西卡·卡特12 | Agnieszka Kemper 9 | Fernando Monteiro 9 | Sive O'Regan 13 |朱利安·苏西里13,14 | Binta Sultan 11,14 |阿利斯泰尔的故事13 |道格拉斯·麦克唐纳(Douglas MacDonald)15 |托马斯·TU 16,17,18,19 |珍妮特·塞利(Janet Seeley)10,20 | Geoffrey Dusheiko 21 |汤代·马普加22 | Monique I. Andersson 3,23 | C.温迪·斯皮尔曼24 |约瑟夫·D·塔克10 | Chari Cohen 25 | Su Wang 25,26 | Danjuma Adda 27,28 |凯瑟琳·弗里兰(Catherine Freeland)25 | Rachel Halford 27,29 |凯瑟琳·杰克30 | Indrajit Ghosh 9,13 |艾哈迈德·M·埃尔沙尔卡(Ahmed M. Elsharkawy)31 | Philippa C. Matthews 6,9,11 | Stuart Flanagan 9,11Louise O. Downs 1,2,3 |肯尼斯·卡巴加姆(Kenneth Kabagambe)4 |莎拉·威廉姆斯5 |伊丽莎白·沃迪洛夫6 | Marion Delphin 6 | Sheila F. Lumley 2,3 | Richard Ndungutse 7 |比阿特丽斯和服7 |罗伯特·牛顿7,8 | Joy KO 9 | Emily Martyn 10,11 |杰西卡·卡特12 | Agnieszka Kemper 9 | Fernando Monteiro 9 | Sive O'Regan 13 |朱利安·苏西里13,14 | Binta Sultan 11,14 |阿利斯泰尔的故事13 |道格拉斯·麦克唐纳(Douglas MacDonald)15 |托马斯·TU 16,17,18,19 |珍妮特·塞利(Janet Seeley)10,20 | Geoffrey Dusheiko 21 |汤代·马普加22 | Monique I. Andersson 3,23 | C.温迪·斯皮尔曼24 |约瑟夫·D·塔克10 | Chari Cohen 25 | Su Wang 25,26 | Danjuma Adda 27,28 |凯瑟琳·弗里兰(Catherine Freeland)25 | Rachel Halford 27,29 |凯瑟琳·杰克30 | Indrajit Ghosh 9,13 |艾哈迈德·M·埃尔沙尔卡(Ahmed M. Elsharkawy)31 | Philippa C. Matthews 6,9,11 | Stuart Flanagan 9,11
本期加蓬经济更新报告由世界银行团队编写,团队由 Erick Tjong(经济学家,EAWM2)和 Sonia Barbara Ondo Ndong(经济学家,EAWM2)共同领导,成员包括 Samer Naji Matta(高级经济学家,EAWM2)、Daniel Pajank(高级经济学家,EAWM1)、Mervy Every Viboudoulou Vilpoux(经济学家,EAWPV)、Ioana Alexandra Botea(社会保护经济学家,HAWS3)、Houda Karafli(青年专业人员,ISAE1)、Anna Bokina(运营官员,IAWE4)、Joana Monteiro da Mota(ET 顾问,EAWM2)和 Gildas Bopahbe Deudibe(顾问,EPVGE),由 Raju Singh(首席经济学家,EAWM2)监督。本报告受益于 Steve Loris Gui-Diby(EAEM2 高级经济学家)的见解和评论,而第 2 章则受益于 Chiara Bronchi(EGVPI 实践经理)、Chadi Bou Habib(EMFTX 首席经济学家)、Gaute Solheim(EMFTX 高级公共部门专家)、Dirk Heine(EMFTX 高级经济学家)、Paolo Agnolucci(DECPG 高级经济学家)以及世界银行能源部门管理援助计划(ESMAP)的支持和评论。
∗ matthias.kaldorf@bundesbank.de,matthias.rottner@bundesbank.de。We thank Markus Brunnermeier, Emanuele Campiglio, Francesca Diluiso, Sampreet Goraya, Niko Jaakkola, Jochen Mankart, Benoit Mojon, Simon Scheidegger, Hernan Seoane, Thomas Stoerk, our dis- cussants Jorge Abad, Barbara Annicchiarico, Volha Audzei, Daniel Monteiro, Maria Sole Pagliari, and Anna Straubinger, and participants in the Annual Research Conference 2024 by the European Commis- sion, Mannheim Quantitative Macro Workshop, NAS Macroeconomic Implications of Decarbonization Workshop, 7th annual meeting of CEBRA's IFM program, ESCB Research Clusters Climate Change and Financial Stability, Green Finance Research Advances 2024, Czech National Bank关于金融稳定和宏观审慎政策的研讨会,以及NGFS的研究研讨会,国际住区银行,英格兰银行,德意志政府银行和博洛尼亚大学的评论和建议。这里表达的观点是我们自己的观点,不一定反映银行的国际定居点,德意志政府银行或欧洲系统的观点。
出版委员会XV安排编辑AndréAmarorildoSezerino -Epagri审稿人Ad Hoc Alberto Fontanella Brighenti博士Alexandre Carlos Menezes netto nettoAndréAmarildoSezerino Sezerino Sezerino Dr.AndréLuizLuiz Luiz Luiz Luiz Kulkamp De Souza de souza anderson fernando wamserso wamserserder div>Bianca Schveitzer博士Claudio OgoshiDrª博士。 Cristiane de Lima Wesp CristianoJoãoArioli博士Emilio博士Bruna博士Felipe Augustti Ferreira Pinto博士FernandoJoséHawerroth博士FernandoJoséHawerroth博士Fernando Pereira Monteiro博士Gabriel Berenhauser Leite M. Sc。 Gentil Carneiro Gabardo博士Ivan Dagoberto FaoroDrª博士。 Janaina Pereira Dos Santos Dr. Janice Valmorbida M.Sc。 JoãoFelippetoJoãoPetersonPereira Gardin M. Sc。 JoséLuizPetri博士Juracy Caldeira Lins Dr. Leandro Hahn博士Luiz Augusto Martins Peruch博士Luiz Carlos Argenta博士 Maraisa Crestani Hawerroth博士Marcelo Couto博士Marco AntonioDalBó博士Marcus Vinicius Kvitschal博士 Mariuccia Schlichting由Martin Dr. Marlise Nara Ciotta Renato Luis Vieira博士Vinicius CaliariBianca Schveitzer博士Claudio OgoshiDrª博士。Cristiane de Lima Wesp CristianoJoãoArioli博士Emilio博士Bruna博士Felipe Augustti Ferreira Pinto博士FernandoJoséHawerroth博士FernandoJoséHawerroth博士Fernando Pereira Monteiro博士Gabriel Berenhauser Leite M. Sc。 Gentil Carneiro Gabardo博士Ivan Dagoberto FaoroDrª博士。 Janaina Pereira Dos Santos Dr. Janice Valmorbida M.Sc。 JoãoFelippetoJoãoPetersonPereira Gardin M. Sc。 JoséLuizPetri博士Juracy Caldeira Lins Dr. Leandro Hahn博士Luiz Augusto Martins Peruch博士Luiz Carlos Argenta博士 Maraisa Crestani Hawerroth博士Marcelo Couto博士Marco AntonioDalBó博士Marcus Vinicius Kvitschal博士 Mariuccia Schlichting由Martin Dr. Marlise Nara Ciotta Renato Luis Vieira博士Vinicius CaliariCristiane de Lima Wesp CristianoJoãoArioli博士Emilio博士Bruna博士Felipe Augustti Ferreira Pinto博士FernandoJoséHawerroth博士FernandoJoséHawerroth博士Fernando Pereira Monteiro博士Gabriel Berenhauser Leite M. Sc。Gentil Carneiro Gabardo博士Ivan Dagoberto FaoroDrª博士。Janaina Pereira Dos Santos Dr.Janice Valmorbida M.Sc。JoãoFelippetoJoãoPetersonPereira Gardin M. Sc。 JoséLuizPetri博士Juracy Caldeira Lins Dr. Leandro Hahn博士Luiz Augusto Martins Peruch博士Luiz Carlos Argenta博士 Maraisa Crestani Hawerroth博士Marcelo Couto博士Marco AntonioDalBó博士Marcus Vinicius Kvitschal博士 Mariuccia Schlichting由Martin Dr. Marlise Nara Ciotta Renato Luis Vieira博士Vinicius CaliariJoãoFelippetoJoãoPetersonPereira Gardin M. Sc。JoséLuizPetri博士Juracy Caldeira Lins Dr. Leandro Hahn博士Luiz Augusto Martins Peruch博士Luiz Carlos Argenta博士Maraisa Crestani Hawerroth博士Marcelo Couto博士Marco AntonioDalBó博士Marcus Vinicius Kvitschal博士 Mariuccia Schlichting由Martin Dr. Marlise Nara Ciotta Renato Luis Vieira博士Vinicius CaliariMaraisa Crestani Hawerroth博士Marcelo Couto博士Marco AntonioDalBó博士Marcus Vinicius Kvitschal博士Mariuccia Schlichting由Martin Dr. Marlise Nara Ciotta Renato Luis Vieira博士Vinicius CaliariMariuccia Schlichting由Martin Dr.Marlise Nara Ciotta Renato Luis Vieira博士Vinicius CaliariMarlise Nara Ciotta Renato Luis Vieira博士Vinicius Caliari
Gabriele Travaglini 1, * *,Andreas Brandhuber 1,Patrick Dorey 2,Tristan McLoughlin 3,4,Samuel Abreu 5,6,Zvi Bern 7,N Emil J Bjerrum-bohr 8,Johannesblümlein,Johanne DUCA 14、15、16,Lance J Dixon 17,Daniele Dorigoni 2,Claude Duhr 18,Yvonne Geyer 19,Michael B Hermann,Enrico,Henrico 20 Rik Johansson 13,21,Gregory Porchemsky 11,22,David A Kosower 11,David A Kosower 11,Lionel 23,Lionel 23,Lionel 23,or o' 24,卢多维奇植物“
∗ matthias.kaldorf@bundesbank.de,matthias.rottner@bundesbank.de。We thank Markus Brunnermeier, Emanuele Campiglio, Francesca Diluiso, Sampreet Goraya, Niko Jaakkola, Jochen Mankart, Benoit Mojon, Simon Scheidegger, Hernan Seoane, Thomas Stoerk, our dis- cussants Jorge Abad, Barbara Annicchiarico, Volha Audzei, Daniel Monteiro, Maria Sole Pagliari, and Anna Straubinger, and participants in the Annual Research Conference 2024 by the European Commis- sion, Mannheim Quantitative Macro Workshop, NAS Macroeconomic Implications of Decarbonization Workshop, 7th annual meeting of CEBRA's IFM program, ESCB Research Clusters Climate Change and Financial Stability, Green Finance Research Advances 2024, Czech National Bank关于金融稳定和宏观审慎政策的研讨会,以及国际定居银行银行的研究研讨会,英格兰银行,德意志德国银行,欧洲中央银行,NGFS,博洛尼亚大学和圣加伦大学的评论和建议。这里表达的观点是我们自己的观点,不一定反映银行的国际定居点,德意志政府银行或欧洲系统的观点。
4. 混凝土耐久性指标的测试方法 46 D. Bjegović, M. Serdar, I. S. Oslaković, F. Jacobs, H. Beushausen, C. Andrade, A. V. Monteiro, P. Paulini, S. Nanukuttan 46 4.1 简介 46 4.2 气体渗透性 47 4.2.1 原理和机理 47 4.2.2 测试方法 48 4.2.3 混凝土质量评估概述和标准 58 4.3 水性渗透性 59 4.3.1 原理和机理 59 4.3.2 测试方法 59 4.3.3 混凝土质量评估概述和标准 63 4.4 毛细吸收 64 4.4.1 原理和机理 64 4.4.2 测试方法 65 4.4.3 混凝土质量评估概述和标准质量 69 4.5 氯离子渗透 70 4.5.1 原理与机理 70 4.5.2 测试方法 73 4.5.3 混凝土质量评价概述和标准 86 4.6 混凝土电阻率和电导率 87 4.6.1 原理与机理 87 4.6.2 测试方法 87 4.6.3 混凝土质量评价概述和标准 90 4.7 结束语 91 参考文献 92
意见| Adrián Cangi, Adriano Bressane, Alexandre Ferreira de Mendonça, André Bocchetti, Andreza Oliveira Berti, Angela Medeiros Santi, Announced Cristina Marins Braz Sawada, Daiane Bertaso Ribeiro, David de Codes, Eduardo P. Gutiérrez, Emelice Prado, Henrique Silva,Jefferson deLimaCiançodeOliveira Leonardo Ribeiro Teixeira,Lilian Maus Junqueira,Livia Gonzaga Moura,Marcelo de Moura Carneiro Campello,Maria Jacqueline GirinesgirãoSoaresdeima Monalisa Valente Ferreira, Pablo Enrique Abraham Zunino, Pamela Zacharias, Rafael Caetano, Rafael de Almeida Evangelist, Regina Carmela, Renzo Taddei, Sabine Rigueti, Sara Melo, Sheila Hempkemeyer, Sônia Regina da Cal Seixas, Stella Zagatto Pareniani, Talita Gantus de Oliveira,Thiago Ranniery Moreira de Oliveira,Viviana Munoz,Walmeri Ribeiro,Wenceslao Machado de Oliveira Jr.
Camargue Vince,MD 1.2; Maria Sun Brasso,博士3;布朗·米尔尼(Brown Minni),医学博士4; Lauro Jose Gregian,医学博士,博士5; MD,MSC 6; Amaral and Castro的Adham,医学博士,博士2.7; Vivian Sayuri Yamachira Dwan,医学博士2.8;森林的罗伯塔·泽皮皮尼·梅内兹斯(Roberta Zeppini Menezes),医学博士4;野生Cassia Marian,医学博士9; MATA,医学博士10的Juliana France;女性奥利维拉(Oliveira),医学博士10; Eliana Maria Monteiro Caran,医学博士11;医学博士Carla Macedo博士;海岸的Gildene Alves,MD 12; Terza Cristina Esteves,MD 13; Luciana Nunes Forest,MD 14; Sima Esther Ferman,医学博士,博士15; Delgado Flavi Martins,医学博士16; Lilian Mary Christ,医学博士1; Vicente Odone-Son,医学博士,博士1.2; Marcello Rui Manuel Kings,博士18; Mara Albonei Paulo Vidal Campregher,医学博士2; Mayara Satsuki Kunii,医学博士20; Karla Nevicolino Pereira Horse Son,MD,MSC 21;埃尔维斯·瓦莱拉(Elvis Valera)第三,医学博士,博士学位22;肿瘤学(BC-PMPO)