葡萄树干疾病(GTD)给全球葡萄行业造成严重的经济损失(Fontaine等,2016b; Mondello等,2018a)。休闲药包括各种分类学上的真菌(Gramaje等,2018; Mondello等人,2018b),可以单独或一起影响植物。除了在叶子和簇上引起外部症状外,这些病原体还会引起内部木材变色。症状表达中不可预测的不连续性是这些疾病的特征(Mugnai等,1999)。GTD包括影响成年和年轻葡萄藤的一系列疾病。esca复合物,杂化磷酸盐死亡和尤特巴死亡被认为是成年葡萄藤的主要GTD(Claverie等,2020)。ESCA复合物与许多系统发育多样的真菌有关(Mugnai等,1999),包括ascomycota和basidiomycota。与ESCA相关的comycetes包括血管病原体phaeomoniella chlamydospora和phaeoacremonium最低限度(Syn。pm。Aleophilum)(u rbez-Torres等,2014)和其他phaeoacremonium。Wood-decay basidiomycetes include Fomitiporia mediterranea in Europe ( Moretti et al., 2021 ), and other pathogens belonging to the genera Fomitiporella, Fomitiporia, Inocutis, Inonotus, Stereum , and Phellinus in non-European countries ( Cloete et al., 2011 ; White et al., 2011 );这些真菌已从受感染的葡萄树干中分离出来,但是它们在疾病病因学中的作用尚未完全了解(Surico等,2006; Bertsch等,2013; Gramaje等,2018),并且在近年来被重新考虑。botryosphaeria dieback是由20种以上的杂化磷酶科引起的,包括dothidea N. Luteum,N。Rib,Eliplodia Serita和D. Mutila(Van Niekerk等,2004; Taylor等,2005;ÚRbez-Torres and Gubler,2009; Amponsah et al。 2013)。eutypa dieback是由eutypa lata和其他diatrypaceai特殊的特殊的(Trouillas and Gubler,2010; Luque等,2012)。这些病原体可以单独从受影响的木材中回收,也可以与其他真菌(例如PA)相结合。衣原体,下午。Aleophilum,Sphaeropsis Mariorum和Diaporthempelina(PéRros等,1999)。GTD症状是多缩的,包括马刺和手臂的死亡,木材的变色或内部条纹,扇形木材坏死和白色腐烂;由于植物可以同时受到多种真菌的影响,因此在其中GTD中,某些症状可能重叠(Gramaje等,2018)。木材变色和de骨是由多种结构和生理变化引起的,由真菌产生的纤维素分解和木质素溶酶,由于凝胶和牙龈由联邦木质部分泌的凝胶和牙龈引起的血管闭塞细胞或木质部实质细胞的坏死,导致真菌毒素(Bertsch等,2013; Claverie等,2020)。所有这些变化都会导致木质部伏特定功能的木质部发生变化,从而导致水和养分运动(Mugnai等,1999; Sparapano等,2000; Andol和Andol et et al。,2011)。最近报道了(Mondello等,2018b),详细描述了与不同GTD的症状。叶子从未分离出GTD真菌(Bertsch等,2013),也显示了多种症状,也已经描述过这些症状(Mugnai等,1999;Amborabé等,2001; Mondello et al。,2018b);木材和木质部血管改变,真菌毒素和继发代谢物的沉积均有助于
公司名称 联系人姓名 地址 城市 邮编 电话 电子邮件 A Team Roofing and Solar Mykala Davis 354 S Billings Blvd. Billings 59101 406-252-4336 mykala@roofsbyateam.com Tounsley Electric Luke Tounsley 6916 Entryway Dr. Billings 59101 406-245-4261 tounsleyelectric@gmail.com Wegner Roofing and Solar Brian Gibberd 735 Grand Ave. Billings 59101 406-850-9842 brian@wegnerroofing.com Yellowball Solar Lacey Brown 454 Moore Ln. Unit 3 比灵斯 59101 406-970-0681 lacey@goyellowball.com Yellowstone Electric Paul May 1919 4th Ave. N 比灵斯 59101 406-252-3407 info@yecomt.com Del Sol Technologies, Inc. Al Borrego 636 E Davis St. 博兹曼 59715 406-570-8340 delsoltechmt@gmail.com Egbert Electric Mike Egbert 206 Graves Trail, Unit F 博兹曼 59718 406-539-7208 office@egbertinc.com Energy 1 Nathan Shureb 2042 Stadium Dr. Ste. 2 博兹曼 59715 406-587-2917 info@energy-1.net Harvest Solar MT, LLC Alex Colsch 516 Bryant St. Ste. 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Steve Little 417 North 3 rd St. 博兹曼 59715 406-581-5035 wfs1997@gmail.com BrightSide Solar Ryan Riordan 1301 Steele St. 比尤特 59701 406-490-2116 ryan@mtbrightside.com Jordan Solar Tim Koehn PO Box 86 Charlo 59824 406-206-5099 tim@jordansolar.net Big Dog Solar Terissa Morain 620 Pheasant Ridge Dr. Chubbuck 83202 208-690-9630 terissa.morain@bigdogsolar.com CEI Electrical Contractors Brent Burton 6131 Homestead Blvd Colstrip 59323 406-748-4048 cei@ceionline.com Electrical Services, LLC Luke Nelson PO Box 1953 Colstrip 59323 406-740-2544 electricalservicesluke@gmail.com Cascade Electric Scott Wilson PO Box 2909 Great Falls 59403 406-453-3285 scott@cascadelectric.com Ascension Electric Geddy Parker 1333 Cherry Ave. Helena 59601 406-422-2740 ascensionelectriccorp@gmail.com Eagle Electric Troy Brandt PO Box 5324 Helena 59604 406-442-8685 eagleelectricmt@yahoo.com Integrity Electrical Contractors LLC Bryon Flath 3101 Bozeman Ave. 海伦娜 59601 406-457-9460 integrityelectricmt@gmail.com Solar Montana, LLC Jackson Isbell 420 N Last Chance Gulch 海伦娜 59601 406-442-4828 info@solarmontana.com The Third Element John Colley 3116 E Lyndale Ave. 海伦娜 59601 406-465-6945 office@3Econtractors.com Valley View Electric Dwight Rose 1545 Kodiak Road 海伦娜 59602 406-431-6471 valleyviewelectricmt@gmail.com Big Sky Power and Solar Matt Dean 621 Chinook St. 利文斯顿 59047 406-224-5300 matt@bigskypowerandsolar.com Mountain Solar Wyatt Cleveland 522 North H.Street Livingston 59047 406-224-7761 wyatt@mountain.solar Anchor Electric Paul Lindstrom 7600 Pontrelli Pl. 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Sheridan 59749 406-842-5865 kenelec2@3rivers.net Oasis Montana Inc. Chris Daum 436 Red Fox Lane Stevensville 59870 406-777-4309 info@oasismontana.com Remote Power Systems TJ Fite 197 Wildwood Lane, Unit C Stevensville 59870 406-552-5260 tj@remotepowersystems.com A Train Electric, LLC Anthony Train 4521 Highway 200 Thompson Falls 59873 406-827-1504 atrain@montana.com Freedom Energy Ryan Tolley 2642 Whites Lane Victor 59875 406-207-8181 ryan@gofreedomenergy.com JKL Electric Jeff Laursen PO Box 1300 Victor 59875 406-274-0687 jkl.electric@yahoo.comUnit C Stevensville 59870 406-552-5260 tj@remotepowersystems.com A Train Electric, LLC Anthony Train 4521 Highway 200 Thompson Falls 59873 406-827-1504 atrain@montana.com Freedom Energy Ryan Tolley 2642 Whites Lane Victor 59875 406-207-8181 ryan@gofreedomenergy.com JKL Electric Jeff Laursen PO Box 1300 Victor 59875 406-274-0687 jkl.electric@yahoo.comUnit C Stevensville 59870 406-552-5260 tj@remotepowersystems.com A Train Electric, LLC Anthony Train 4521 Highway 200 Thompson Falls 59873 406-827-1504 atrain@montana.com Freedom Energy Ryan Tolley 2642 Whites Lane Victor 59875 406-207-8181 ryan@gofreedomenergy.com JKL Electric Jeff Laursen PO Box 1300 Victor 59875 406-274-0687 jkl.electric@yahoo.com