Admiral Thad Allen, USCG (ret.), former Commandant of the Coast Guard, in his current capacity as the Chair of the Space-based PNT Advisory Board stated that “ America's continued over-reliance on GPS for PNT makes critical infrastructure and applications vulnerable to a variety of well documented accidental, natural, and malicious threats.” The board noted that “There are significant reasons to be concerned. GPS is now lagging the capabilities found in other GNSSs – notably Galileo (European Union) and BeiDou (China). In the case of BeiDou, the system's enhanced resiliency and capability should be considered an element of ‘soft power and an element of great power competition'". The Board, in their July 2024 report, “concluded that our PNT capabilities have fallen behind those of other GNSSs, notably the European Union's Galileo and China's BeiDou. Efforts to date show a troubling shortfall in GPS's greater vulnerability to jamming and spoofing than systems featuring more robust signals. ” 1