Transport Functionality and Participants 185 Functionality 185 Participants 186 From Regulation to a Free Market System 188 Transportation Modal Structure 190 Rail 190 Truck 192 Water 194 Pipeline 194 Air 195 Modal Comparative Characteristics and Capabilities 196 Infrastructure in Crisis 196 Specialized Transportation Services 197 Parcel Service 197 Intermodal 199 Nonoperating Intermediaries 200 Transportation Economics and Pricing 201 Economy of Distance 201 Economy of Weight 202 Economy of Density 202 Other Pricing Factors 202 Costing Freight 203 Pricing Freight 204 Transportation Operations Management 209 Transportation Management Systems 209 Operations 210 Consolidation 211 Negotiation 212 Control 213 Payment, Auditing, and Claims Administration 213 Documentation 213 Bill of Lading 213 Freight Bill 215 Shipment Manifest 215 Product Pricing and Transportation 215 FOB Pricing 215 Delivered Pricing 216 Pickup Allowances 217 Summary 217研究问题218挑战问题218