Ray等,2013; Schmidhuber&Tubiello,2007年; Walthall等人,2013年; Wheeler&von Braun,2013年)。这些频率的天气极端包括观察到的和未来预计的干旱严重性和发生的增长(Jin等,2017; Martin等,2020; Strzepek等,2010; Wehner等,2017),极端降水事件,极端降水事件(Bindoff等,2013; Changnon&Changnon&Gensini,2019年,2019年; Al。,2011; Westra等,2014; Gensini&Brooks,2018年,Gensini&Mote,2015年;Moreover, changes in climate amplify the risk of other nontrivial agricultural facets that ultimately affect crop production, which include changes in phenological stage timing (Hartfield et al., 2011, 2015 ), soil integrity (Delgado et al., 2013 ; Pruski & Nearing, 2002 ; Rosenzweig et al., 2002 ), nutrient requirements (Cai et al., 2015 ; Takle et al., 2006 ),杂草竞争(Clements&Dit-Ommaso,2011; Jinger等,2017; Ramesh等,2017; Wolfe等,2008)以及其他害虫和疾病压力(Anderson等,2004; Angel等,2018; Bebber et al。 )。
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