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2021 年第四季度互连讨论论坛
在本决定发布后 120 天内，互连讨论论坛成员应讨论配电升级成本分摊对联邦能源管理委员会 (FERC) 管辖项目的潜在影响。太平洋天然气和电力公司、圣地亚哥天然气和电力公司和南加州爱迪生公司应在讨论结束后 30 天内提交讨论报告，并在本次诉讼中提交和送达该报告。
综合大型脑网络互连的大规模网络链接
摘要 - 大脑网络是一个具有无尺度，小世界和模块化属性的大型复杂网络，在很大程度上支持这种高耐能力性的庞大系统。在本文中，我们建议将大型网络芯片网络的互连综合。首先，我们提出了一种生成具有有限规模和幂律的小世界属性的大脑网络风格拓扑的方法，该拓扑的总链路长度较低，并且与网络大小的对数大约成比例的平均HOP计数极低。此外，考虑到大规模应用，考虑到大脑网络启发的拓扑的模块化，我们提出了一种应用程序映射方法，包括任务映射和确定性的无僵持路由，以最大程度地减少功耗和啤酒花计数。最后，使用不同的合成图案和大规模测试用例（包括用于图形处理应用程序的现实世界通信网络）来验证建筑性能。实验表明，与其他拓扑和方法相比，由提出的方法生成的大脑网络启发的NOC的平均HOP计数显着降低，平均延迟较低。尤其是在具有幂律和紧密耦合核心间通信的图形处理应用中，大脑网络启发的NOC的平均HOP计数高达70％，比基于网格的NOC低75％。
Narvaez, Alexander; Cortes, Camilo; Trujillo, Cesar 间歇供电住宅微电网中电池和超级电容器互连的拓扑结构
背景：本文对混合储能系统中电池和超级电容器互连的三种拓扑行为进行了模拟研究，并可能应用于住宅微电网。该研究基于作者对两种半主动拓扑结构的初步比较。本文加入了有源拓扑进行比较研究。方法：在本研究的每种拓扑结构中，均使用了双向半桥直流转换器，并以双环平均电流控制作为基本控制策略。对于主动拓扑，采用了附加控制策略来分离负载或脉动发电的动态和平均分量。结果：由于可以改变电容器端子上的电压，有源拓扑可以更好地利用电容器中存储的能量。结论：半主动拓扑的设计和控制比并联主动拓扑的设计和控制简单得多。然而，要充分利用超级电容器的存储容量，其端子之间的电压必须有显著的变化，这可以通过有源拓扑实现。关键词：混合储能系统；锂离子电池；超级电容器；双向DC/DC转换器，功率密度；能量密度。致谢：主要作者感谢弗朗西斯科·何塞·德卡尔达斯地区大学通过研究委员会合同号为其博士研究提供的经济支持。
使用您的公用事业系列：互连基础知识
• 了解将分布式能源项目连接到服务公用事业电网的典型互连流程。 • 获得为分布式能源项目选址的宝贵策略，以最大限度地降低互连风险和成本。 • 了解特定于技术的互连问题。 • 了解可能需要修订以符合联邦法规的互连协议和常见条款。
简单和复杂的互连要求 &...
根据 CPUC NEM-配对存储决策 (D. 14-05-033 & D. 19-01-030)，如果存储设备 (例如电池、飞轮) 与符合 NEM 资格的发电机 (例如太阳能、风能等) 配对，并且存储设备的总额定功率为 10 kW (AC) 及以下，则对存储设备没有大小限制或要求 (例如，无需根据客户需求或 NEM 发电机进行大小调整)。这种大小的配对存储系统在此称为“NEM-小型配对存储系统”。
加纳原位热循环条件下 c-Si 太阳能光伏电池互连中 Sn60Pb40 和 Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu（无铅）焊料的蠕变损伤研究
摘要：使用等效蠕变应变、累积蠕变应变和累积蠕变能量密度方法对 c-Si 太阳能光伏电池中焊接互连件的蠕变损伤进行了数值研究。该研究使用了三年（2012-2014 年）期间光伏 (PV) 模块户外风化数据来生成温度循环曲线，这些曲线作为热负荷和边界条件，用于研究焊接互连件在暴露于实际条件下时的热机械响应。还使用了之前研究中确定的 2012-2014 年数据的测试区域平均 (TRA) 温度循环。利用构成典型太阳能电池的组成材料的适当本构模型来生成准确的材料响应，以评估热循环造成的损坏。本研究模拟了两种形式的焊接互连件：Sn60Pb40 (SnPb) 和 Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu (无铅)。使用累积蠕变应变法对热循环载荷产生的互连损伤进行分析的结果显示，在 TRA、2012、2013 和 2014 年温度循环中，无铅焊料互连的损伤大于锡铅焊料互连。从锡铅到无铅的百分比变化分别为 57.96%、43.61%、44.87% 和 45.43%。这表明在 TRA 条件下无铅焊料受到了严重的损伤。累积蠕变能量密度 (ACED) 方法的结果显示，在 TRA 热循环期间用无铅焊料互连替换锡铅焊料互连后，累积蠕变能量密度的百分比变化为 71.4%（从 1.3573 × 10 5 J/mm 3 到 2.3275 × 10 5 J/mm 3 ）。在加纳库马西的 KNUST 测试点，研究结果表明，Sn60Pb40 焊料互连可能比无铅焊料互连更可靠。本研究采用的系统技术将对热机械可靠性研究界大有裨益。本研究还为光伏设计和制造工程师提供了有用的信息，帮助他们设计出坚固耐用的光伏模块。
夏季2021年南加州天然气可靠性评估
表30。可持续发展型和E NEM项目按技术类型和大小计数.....................................................................................................................................................可用于划分技术类型和大小的可持续发展目标总计容量...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................PG＆E NEM评论和研究按项目规模计算............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 43表33。PG&E NEM Reviews and Studies Count by Technology Type ................................ 44 Table 34.SCE NEM Reviews and Studies Count by Project Size ........................................... 44 Table 35.SCE NEM Reviews and Studies Count by Technology Type ................................... 44 Table 36.可持续发展及研究和研究数量......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 45表37。PG＆E NEM 30天提供结果................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 45表38。SCE NEM 30-Day Provision Results ....................................................................... 46 Table 39.SDG＆E NEM 30天提供结果......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 47表40。PG&E NEM Time to Validate Application ................................................................ 49 Table 41.SCE NEM Time to Validate Application ................................................................... 50 Table 42.可持续发展的时间验证应用程序的时间........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 50表43。PG＆E NEM提供通知应用程序缺陷的时间...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................PG＆E NEM提供通知应用程序缺陷的时间...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................PG＆E NEM回答申请缺陷通知的时间...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................PG＆E NEM回答申请缺陷通知的时间...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................sce NEM提供通知应用程序缺陷的时间...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................sce nem响应应用程序缺陷通知的时间.......................................................................................................................................PG&E NEM Time to Complete IR ............................................................................ 54 Table 48.sce nem完成IR的时间................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 54表49。PG＆E NEM完成IR之后完成SR的时间............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 55表50。 PG&E NEM Time to Complete SIS after DSA Execution ......................................... 56 Table 51. PG&E NEM Time to Complete SIS after IR or SR ................................................... 57 Table 52. PG&E NEM Time to Send GIA to Customer after IR or SR ..................................... 57 Table 53. PG&E NEM Time to Send GIA to Customer after SIS ............................................. 58 Table 54. SCE NEM Time to Send GIA to Customer after IR or SR ........................................ 58 Table 55. PG＆E NEM的时间供客户执行GIA ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 59表56。 SCE NEM Time for Customer to Execute GIA ......................................................... 60 Table 57. PG＆E NEM总时间到GIA或PTO完整结果................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 60表58。 PG＆E非NEM汇总能力按技术类型和大小进行........................................................................................................................... 74。PG＆E NEM完成IR之后完成SR的时间............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 55表50。PG&E NEM Time to Complete SIS after DSA Execution ......................................... 56 Table 51.PG&E NEM Time to Complete SIS after IR or SR ................................................... 57 Table 52.PG&E NEM Time to Send GIA to Customer after IR or SR ..................................... 57 Table 53.PG&E NEM Time to Send GIA to Customer after SIS ............................................. 58 Table 54.SCE NEM Time to Send GIA to Customer after IR or SR ........................................ 58 Table 55.PG＆E NEM的时间供客户执行GIA ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 59表56。SCE NEM Time for Customer to Execute GIA ......................................................... 60 Table 57.PG＆E NEM总时间到GIA或PTO完整结果................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 60表58。PG＆E非NEM汇总能力按技术类型和大小进行........................................................................................................................... 74。PG＆E非NEM汇总能力按技术类型和大小进行........................................................................................................................... 74。PG＆E NEM总时间到GIA或PTO结果100 kW-plus项目............ 61表59。PG＆E NEM的总时间为GIA或非明显项目的PTO结果............................................................................................................................................................................. 61表60。 SCE NEM Total Time to GIA Execution Full Results ............................................... 61 Table 61. sce nem的总时间和非摩尔项目 - 仅IR ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 62PG＆E NEM的总时间为GIA或非明显项目的PTO结果............................................................................................................................................................................. 61表60。SCE NEM Total Time to GIA Execution Full Results ............................................... 61 Table 61.sce nem的总时间和非摩尔项目 - 仅IR ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 62SDG&E NEM Total Time to PTO Full Results ......................................................... 62 Table 63.Summary of NEM Key Tariff Step Timeline Results ................................................. 65 Table 64.PG&E Non-NEM Project Count by Project Type and Project Status ........................ 68 Table 65.PG＆E非NEM项目状态的完整列表................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 69表66。 SCE Non-NEM Project Count by Project Type ........................................................ 69 Table 67. SCE Non-NEM Full List of Project Statuses ............................................................ 70 Table 68. SDG&E Non-NEM Project Count by Project Type ................................................... 71 Table 69. PG＆E非NEM项目规模和容量故障............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 72 SCE Non-NEM Project Size and Capacity Breakdown ............................................ 73 Table 71. 可持续发展速度和非NEM项目大小和容量故障................................................................................................................................................................... PG＆E非NEM计数按技术类型和大小进行............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 74表73。PG＆E非NEM项目状态的完整列表................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 69表66。SCE Non-NEM Project Count by Project Type ........................................................ 69 Table 67.SCE Non-NEM Full List of Project Statuses ............................................................ 70 Table 68.SDG&E Non-NEM Project Count by Project Type ................................................... 71 Table 69.PG＆E非NEM项目规模和容量故障............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 72PG＆E非NEM项目规模和容量故障............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 72SCE Non-NEM Project Size and Capacity Breakdown ............................................ 73 Table 71.可持续发展速度和非NEM项目大小和容量故障...................................................................................................................................................................PG＆E非NEM计数按技术类型和大小进行............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 74表73。PG＆E非NEM计数按技术类型和大小进行............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 74表73。SCE Non-NEM Full Technology Combination List ................................................... 75 Table 75.sce非NEM项目按技术类型和大小计数......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 76SCE Non-NEM Aggregate Capacity by Technology Type and Size ......................... 76 Table 77.可持续发展型和非NEM项目计数按技术类型和大小计数....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 76表78。可用于技术类型和大小的可智能和非核电总计容量................................................................................... 77表79。PG＆E非NEM评论和研究按项目规模计算......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 78表80。PG＆E非NEM评论和研究按技术类型计算................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 78PG＆E非NEM评论和研究按技术类型计算................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 78
