环境的生物组成部分包括所有生物。它也称为生物成分。An ecosystem refers to a group of living organisms ǻǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱȱ ǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱęȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ǯȱ¢ȱ¢ȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱ ȱ primary producers which are the plants and trees, through primary and secondary consumers such as antelopes or frogs to the apex predators such as large carnivores like lions or birds of prey like eagles.图1.1。显示了两个食物链,一个是狮子作为顶部捕食者,另一个是鹰作为顶部捕食者。食物链的组合形成了食物网,如图1.2所示。