1 Includes patients being treated in the Acute Cancer Care Center (ACCC), Clinical Decision Unit (CDU), and Urgent Symptom Clinic (USC) 2 Mild symptoms include constipation, confusion, nausea, abdominal pain, acute kidney injury (increase in serum creatinine (SCr) of ≥ 0.3 mg/dL), fatigue, polyuria, and polydipsia 3 Severe symptoms include severe altered mental status, obtundation,昏昏欲睡,昏迷,嗜睡,闭合,顽固性恶心/呕吐,癫痫发作和心电图变化4,患有颌骨骨坏死的患者或明显较差的牙列牙齿,Zoledronic Acid,Zoledronic Acid,pamidronica和Denosumab的使用应避免使用,除非受益于利益超过风险。考虑内分泌学或牙科肿瘤学咨询。5个考虑考虑的非恶性原因包括:甲状旁腺功能亢进,牛奶碱,药物诱导,固定化,肉芽肿性疾病,荷尔蒙疾病(肾上腺,甲状腺等)
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