From chess (De Groot, 2014; Simon and Chase, 1988; Chase and Simon, 1973) to air-pistol shooting (Cheng et al., 2017), going through other massive (like foot- ball (Savelsbergh et al., 2002)) or non-massive sports (like squash (Abernethy, 1990)) have been object of research aiming a double goal: (a) Identify and iso- late psychological, cognitive以及最佳性能者(专家)和(b)尝试通过培训程序将这些特征实施到非专家中的运动特征。对于那些跟随认知能力的研究人员而言,运动在运动中的表现与熟练的观察和熟练的动作的结合具有传统性(Craig and Watson,2011; Williams et al。,1999)。此外,诸如决策(Chamberlain and Coelho,1993; Araujo等,2006)或风险(Pain and Pain,2005; Kontos,2004)等其他心理学观点(Coeldlain and Coelho,1993; Araujo等人,2004年)。
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