3。RESULTS......................................................................................52 3.1.ZnO nanoparticles and their nanohybrids ..............................52 3.1.1.晶体结构......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 52 3.1.2。Nanostructures and morphology.......................................56 3.1.3.Chemical bonding............................................................64 3.1.4.X射线光电子光谱.............................................................................................................. 67 3.1.5。拉曼光谱法..................................................................................................................... 72 3.1.6。频段间隙........................................................................................................................................................... 75 3.1.7。光致发光发射光谱............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 77 3.2。ZnO nanorods ........................................................................83 3.2.1.结晶结构........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 83 3.2.2。Morphology......................................................................84 3.2.3.光学特性......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 86 3.2.4。Electrical properties studied by I-V and I-t measuremesnts............................................................................88 3.3.Photodiodes............................................................................93 3.3.1.形态..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 93 3.3.2。I-V characteristics in dark.................................................94 3.3.3.理想因素计算........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 95 3.3.4。I-V辐射下的I-V特征................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 95 3.3.5。I-t characteristics: UV on/off cycles...................................97 3.3.6.Figures of merit................................................................98