变化检测 (Bontemps et al., 2008; Chen and Hay, 2012; Contreras et al., 2016; Dissanska et al., 2009; Doxani et al., 2012; Doxani et al., 2008; Hussain et al. .,2013;Im 等,2008;等,2014;沃尔特,2004);土地覆盖和土地利用制图,包括植被、树木、水、住宅等。(Baker et al., 2013; Benz et al., 2004; Blaschke, 2003; Blaschke et al., 2011; Blaschke et al., 2008; Contreras et al., 2015; D'Oleire-Oltmanns et al. .,2014;德皮尼奥等人,2012; Doleire-Oltmanns 等人,2013 年;Drăguţ 和 Eisank 等人,2011 年; 2011;Lisita 等,2011; 2011;Tzotsos 等,2011;Walker 和 Briggs,2007;Zhou 等,2009;周和特洛伊,2008);滑坡测绘(Feizizadeh 等,2014;Li 等,2015b;Martha 等,2010;Martha 等,2011;Martha 等,2012;Stumpf 和 Kerle,2011)。